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说起验证码,绝壁是个让人蛋疼的问题,特别是节假日在12306上面抢票的时候遇到的外星系验证码,大大降低了用户的体验度!
可是作为我辈中人,还是要知道验证码为毛存在,其作用是什么!
如果再想深究,那么坐下来,让我们好好探讨探讨如何制作验证码!请跟我来……
验证码形式
字母数字组合、加减法、中英文、算式加减法……
为什么需要验证码
验证码降低了用户体验度,但是为什么存在呢???
如果没有验证码:
1) 对特定用户不断登录破解密码
2) 对某个网站创建账户
3) 对某个网站提交垃圾数据
4) 都某个网站刷票
如果存在验证码:
只有人亲自识别验证码,输入验证码内容,才能登录、发评论等等,防止计算机破解自动登录发灌水帖等;通过验证码来区分人和计算机;
制作验证码
验证码包含两部分:输入框和显示验证码的图片;
一般验证机制如下图:
可是,显示验证码的图片是如何产生的呢?
通过Servlet手工制作验证码(简单型)
1) 手工生成的验证码比较简单,用到的类有
2) BufferedImage图像数据缓冲区
3) Graphics绘制图片
4) Color获取颜色
5) Random生成随机数
6) ImageIO输出图片
ImageServlet类:
- package hdu.terence;
- import java.awt.Color;
- import java.awt.Graphics;
- import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.io.PrintWriter;
- import java.util.Random;
- import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
- import javax.servlet.ServletException;
- import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
- importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
- importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
- public class ImageServlet extendsHttpServlet {
- publicImageServlet() {
- super();
- }
- publicvoid destroy() {
- super.destroy();
- }
- publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throwsServletException, IOException {
- BufferedImagebi=new BufferedImage(68,22,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
- Graphicsg=bi.getGraphics();
- Colorc=new Color(200,150,255);
- g.setColor(c);
- g.fillRect(0,0, 68, 22);
- char[]ch="WQERTYUIOPASDFG127890HJKLZ3456XCVBNMmnbvcxzkjhgfdsaqwertyuiop".toCharArray();
- Randomr=new Random();
- intlen=ch.length,index;
- StringBuffersb=new StringBuffer();//用于保存图片
- for(inti=0;i<4;i++)
- {
- index=r.nextInt(len);
- g.setColor(newColor(r.nextInt(88),r.nextInt(188),r.nextInt(255)));
- g.drawString(ch[index]+"",(i*15)+3, 18);
- sb.append(ch[index]);
- }
- request.getSession().setAttribute("verifyCode",sb.toString());
- ImageIO.write(bi,"JPG", response.getOutputStream());
- }
- publicvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throwsServletException, IOException {
- }
- publicvoid init() throws ServletException {
- }
- }
LoginServlet类:
- package hdu.terence;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.io.PrintWriter;
- import javax.servlet.ServletException;
- import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
- importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
- importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
- public class LoginServlet extendsHttpServlet {
- publicLoginServlet() {
- super();
- }
- publicvoid destroy() {
- }
- publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throwsServletException, IOException {
- response.setContentType("text/html;charset=gbk");
- StringverifyCode=(String) request.getSession().getAttribute("verifyCode");
- StringcheckCode=request.getParameter("checkCode");
- verifyCode=verifyCode.toUpperCase();
- checkCode=checkCode.toUpperCase();
- PrintWriterout=response.getWriter();
- if(checkCode.equals(verifyCode))
- {
- out.println("niece!验证码输入正确!");
- }
- else
- {
- out.println("你似不似撒?验证码都能输入错误!!!!!!");
- }
- out.flush();
- out.close();
- }
- publicvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throwsServletException, IOException {
- }
- publicvoid init() throws ServletException { }
- }
JSP:
- <head>
- <script type="text/javascript">
- function reloadVerifyCode()
- {
- var time =new Date().getTime();
- document.getElementById("imageCode")
- document.getElementById("imageCode").src="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/servlet/ImageServlet?d="+time;
- //加time传递参数是为了区分请求连接,重新获取验证码;
- }
- </script>
- </head>
- <body>
- <form action="<%=request.getContextPath() %>/servlet/LoginServlet" method="get">
- 验证码:<input type="text" name="checkCode"id="checkCode">
- <img alt="验证码" id="imageCode"src="<%=request.getContextPath() %>/servlet/ImageServlet"/>
- <a href="javascript:reloadVerifyCode();">看不清,重新获取</a><br>
- <input type="submit"name="submit" value="确定">
- <input type="reset"name="submit" value="重置">
- </form>
- </body>
结果:
通过Kaptcha开源组件制作验证码(花式验证码)
Kaptcha:这个工具是可配置的,可以生成各种花式的验证码,可通过配置参数增加机器识别难度。
准备步骤:
1) 下载kaptcha-2.3.jar(点击下载kaptcha-2.3.jar)
2) 将jar包导入项目,添加到路径
3) 编写页面
4) 配置web.xml
5) 启动项目
数字、英文混合验证
Step1 JSP:
- <table>
- <tr>
- <th>输入验证码:</th>
- <th align="left" > <input name="checkCode"Id="checkCode" type="text"/></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th> </th>
- <th><img src="randomcode.jpg">看不清,重换一张 </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th> </th>
- <th align="left">
- <input type="submit" value="确定"/>
- <input type="reset" value="重置"/>
- </th>
- </tr>
- </table>
src:连接到后台生成的randomcode.jpg;
Step2 在web.xml中添加映射配置:
- <servlet-mapping>
- <servlet-name>kaptcha</servlet-name>
- <url-pattern>/randomcode.jpg</url-pattern>
- </servlet-mapping>
Step3 增加配置参数,防止机器识别图片;
可配置的参数如下:
- <span style="color:#000000;"><init-param>
- <description>图片边框,合法值:yes , no</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.border</param-name>
- <param-value>yes</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>边框颜色,合法值: r,g,b (and optional alpha) 或者white,black,blue.</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.border.color</param-name>
- <param-value>red</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>边框厚度,合法值:>0</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.border.thickness</param-name>
- <param-value>2</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>图片宽 200</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.image.width</param-name>
- <param-value>150</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>图片高 50</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.image.height</param-name>
- <param-value>50</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>图片实现类</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.producer.impl</param-name>
- <param-value>com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.DefaultKaptcha</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>不用文本实现:com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.DifaultTextCreator用文本实现:则用自己重写的中文类(内含算法)ChineseTextCheck.ChineseTextCode</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.impl</param-name>
- <param-value>ChineseTextCheck.ChineseTextCode</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>文本集合,验证码值从此集合中获取</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.char.string</param-name>
- <param-value>qwertys1zcmd2345s67g890</param-value>
- - <!--
- <param-value>abcde2345678gfynmnpwx</param-value>
- -->
- - <!--
- <param-value>你好我好大家好</param-value>
- -->
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>验证码长度 5</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.char.length</param-name>
- <param-value>5</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>字体Arial, Courier</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.font.names</param-name>
- <param-value>Arial, Courier</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>字体大小 40px.</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.font.size</param-name>
- <param-value>30</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>字体颜色,合法值: r,g,b 或者 white,black,blue.</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.font.color</param-name>
- <param-value>black</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>文字间隔 2</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.char.space</param-name>
- <param-value>2</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>干扰实现类</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.noise.impl</param-name>
- -<param-value>
- - <!--
- com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.NoNoise
- -->
- com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.DefaultNoise
- </param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>干扰颜色,合法值: r,g,b 或者 white,black,blue.</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.noise.color</param-name>
- <param-value>blue</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>图片样式: 水纹com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.WaterRipple鱼眼com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.FishEyeGimpy阴影com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.ShadowGimpy</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.obscurificator.impl</param-name>
- <param-value>com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.FishEyeGimpy</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>背景实现类</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.background.impl</param-name>
- <param-value>com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.DefaultBackground</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>背景颜色渐变,开始颜色</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.background.clear.from</param-name>
- <param-value>red</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>背景颜色渐变,结束颜色</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.background.clear.to</param-name>
- <param-value>white</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>文字渲染器</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.word.impl</param-name>
- <param-value>com.google.code.kaptcha.text.impl.DefaultWordRenderer</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>session中存放验证码的key键</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.session.key</param-name>
- <param-value>KAPTCHA_SESSION_KEY</param-value>
- </init-param>
- -<init-param>
- <description>The date the kaptcha is generatedis put into the HttpSession. This is the key value for that item in thesession.</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.session.date</param-name>
- <param-value>KAPTCHA_SESSION_DATE</param-value>
- </init-param></span>
Step 4 结果
中文验证码
Step1 重写配置文件里面的TextProducer类
- import java.util.Random;
- import com.google.code.kaptcha.text.TextProducer;
- importcom.google.code.kaptcha.util.Configurable;
- public class ChineseTextCode extendsConfigurable implements TextProducer {
- /*
- * 中文验证码(non-Javadoc)
- * 粘贴以下算法重写文本实现类
- * @see com.google.code.kaptcha.text.TextProducer#getText()
- */
- publicString getText() {
- intlength = getConfig().getTextProducerCharLength();
- StringfinalWord = "", firstWord = "";
- inttempInt = 0;
- String[]array = { "0", "1", "2", "3","4", "5", "6", "7", "8","9",
- "a","b", "c", "d", "e", "f" };
- Randomrand = new Random();
- for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
- switch(rand.nextInt(array.length)) {
- case1:
- tempInt= rand.nextInt(26) + 65;
- firstWord= String.valueOf((char) tempInt);
- break;
- case2:
- intr1,
- r2,
- r3,
- r4;
- StringstrH,
- strL;//high&low
- r1= rand.nextInt(3) + 11; // 前闭后开[11,14)
- if(r1 == 13) {
- r2= rand.nextInt(7);
- }else {
- r2= rand.nextInt(16);
- }
- r3= rand.nextInt(6) + 10;
- if(r3 == 10) {
- r4= rand.nextInt(15) + 1;
- }else if (r3 == 15) {
- r4= rand.nextInt(15);
- }else {
- r4= rand.nextInt(16);
- }
- strH= array[r1] + array[r2];
- strL= array[r3] + array[r4];
- byte[]bytes = new byte[2];
- bytes[0]= (byte) (Integer.parseInt(strH, 16));
- bytes[1]= (byte) (Integer.parseInt(strL, 16));
- firstWord= new String(bytes);
- break;
- default:
- tempInt= rand.nextInt(10) + 48;
- firstWord= String.valueOf((char) tempInt);
- break;
- }
- finalWord+= firstWord;
- }
- returnfinalWord;
- }
- publicString getText1() {
- intlength = getConfig().getTextProducerCharLength();
- //char[]charS = getConfig().getTextProducerCharString();
- String[]s = new String[]{"我","是","阿","S","靖","卡","哥","滚","蛋","呸"};
- Randomrand = new Random();
- StringBuffersb = new StringBuffer();
- for(inti = 0; i < length; i++){
- intind =rand.nextInt(s.length);
- sb.append(s[ind]);
- }
- returnsb.toString();
- }
- }
Step2 然后修改配置文件web.xml
- <init-param>
- <description>文本实现类</description>
- <param-name>kaptcha.textproducer.impl</param-name>
- <param-value>
- ChineseTextCheck.ChineseTextCode
- </param-value>
- </init-param>
Step 3 结果
算式验证码
以重写Servlet的方式实现算式验证码
步骤:
1) 获取随机数值,结果相加
2) 将计算公式写到图片上
3) 将相加结果保存到session中
4) 依此为目标重写KapthaServlet类
Step1 重写KaptchaServlet
- package formula;
- import com.google.code.kaptcha.Producer;
- import com.google.code.kaptcha.util.Config;
- import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.util.Enumeration;
- import java.util.Properties;
- import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
- import javax.servlet.Servlet;
- import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
- import javax.servlet.ServletException;
- import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
- import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
- import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
- importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
- import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
- public class KaptchaServlet extendsHttpServlet implements Servlet {
- privateProperties props;
- privateProducer kaptchaProducer;
- privateString sessionKeyValue;
- publicKaptchaServlet() {
- this.props= new Properties();
- this.kaptchaProducer= null;
- this.sessionKeyValue= null;
- }
- publicvoid init(ServletConfig conf) throws ServletException {
- super.init(conf);
- ImageIO.setUseCache(false);
- EnumerationinitParams = conf.getInitParameterNames();
- while(initParams.hasMoreElements()) {
- Stringkey = (String) initParams.nextElement();
- Stringvalue = conf.getInitParameter(key);
- this.props.put(key,value);
- }
- Configconfig = new Config(this.props);
- this.kaptchaProducer= config.getProducerImpl();
- this.sessionKeyValue= config.getSessionKey();
- }
- publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
- throwsServletException, IOException {
- resp.setDateHeader("Expires",0L);
- resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate");
- resp.addHeader("Cache-Control","post-check=0, pre-check=0");
- resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
- resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
- StringcapText = this.kaptchaProducer.createText();
- Strings1 = capText.substring(0, 1);
- Strings2 = capText.substring(1, 2);
- intr = Integer.valueOf(s1).intValue() + Integer.valueOf(s2).intValue();
- req.getSession().setAttribute(this.sessionKeyValue,String.valueOf(r));
- BufferedImagebi = this.kaptchaProducer.createImage(s1+"+"+s2+"=?");
- ServletOutputStreamout = resp.getOutputStream();
- ImageIO.write(bi,"jpg", out);
- try{
- out.flush();
- }finally {
- out.close();
- }
- }
- }
Step2 配置web.xml
- <servlet-name>kaptcha</servlet-name>
- <description>文字、数字英文方式:com.google.code.kaptcha.servlet.KaptchaServlet
- 算式:使用自己重写的类:formula.KaptchaServlet
- </description>
- <servlet-class>formula.KaptchaServlet</servlet-class>
上述中formula.KaptchaServlet是指自己在formula包下重写的KaptchaServlet类。
Step3 结果