OpenGL高级OpenGL篇--几何着色器-26

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-08 18:00:00 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-10-08 18:00:00 发布

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分类专栏： OpenGL学习笔记文章标签： opengl

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本文介绍了OpenGL中的几何着色器，它允许在顶点着色器和片段着色器之间对图元进行操作。几何着色器可以改变输入图元的形状，创建新的顶点，例如用于实现房屋模型或爆炸效果。此外，还展示了如何通过几何着色器可视化法线，以便在光照着色器出现问题时进行调试。通过这些技术，开发者可以实现更复杂的图形效果和调试工具。

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参考：这里

在顶点和片段着色器之间有一个可选的几何着色器(Geometry Shader)，几何着色器的输入是一个图元（如点或三角形）的一组顶点。几何着色器可以在顶点发送到下一着色器阶段之前对它们随意变换。然而，几何着色器最有趣的地方在于，它能够将（这一组）顶点变换为完全不同的图元，并且还能生成比原来更多的顶点。

详细参考链接！

程序代码：

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <learnopengl/shader.h>
#include <learnopengl/camera.h>
#include <learnopengl/model.h>

#include <iostream>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

int main()
{
	// glfw: initialize and configure
	// ------------------------------
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

	// glfw window creation
	// --------------------
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);

	// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
	// ---------------------------------------
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	// configure global opengl state
	// -----------------------------
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

	// build and compile shaders
	// -------------------------
	Shader shader("Shaders/Learn26_Geometry.vs", "Shaders/Learn26_Geometry.fs", "Shaders/Learn26_Geometry.gs");

	float points[] = {
	-0.5f,  0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // 左上
	 0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // 右上
	 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // 右下
	-0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f  // 左下
	};

	// cube VAO
	unsigned int cubeVAO, cubeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points), &points, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(2*sizeof(float)));

	// shader configuration
	// --------------------
	//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_LINE);

	// render loop
	// -----------
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{	
		// render
		// ------
		glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

		shader.use();
		glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
		glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, 4);

		// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
		// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
	}

	// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

顶点着色器：

#version 330 core
layout(location=0)in vec2 aPos;
layout(location=1)in vec3 aColor;

out VS_OUT {
    vec3 color;
} vs_out;

void main()
{	
    gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x,aPos.y,0.0,1.0);
	vs_out.color=aColor;
}

几何着色器：

#version 330 core
layout(points)in;
layout(triangle_strip,max_Vertices=5)out;

in VS_OUT {
    vec3 color;
} gs_in[];

out vec3 fColor;

void buildHouse(vec4 position)
{
	fColor=gs_in[0].color;
	gl_Position=position+vec4(-0.2,-0.2,0.0,0.0);//左下
	EmitVertex();
	
	gl_Position=position+vec4(0.2,-0.2,0.0,0.0);//右下
	EmitVertex();
	
	gl_Position=position+vec4(-0.2,0.2,0.0,0.0);//左上
	EmitVertex();
		
	gl_Position=position+vec4(0.2,0.2,0.0,0.0);//右上
	EmitVertex();
	
	gl_Position=position+vec4(0.0,0.4,0.0,0.0);//顶
	fColor=vec3(1.0);
	EmitVertex();
	
	EndPrimitive();
}



void main()
{
	buildHouse(gl_in[0].gl_Position);
}

片元着色器：

#version 330 core
out vec4 fragColor;

in vec3 fColor;

void main()
{	
    fragColor = vec4(fColor, 1.0);
}

在这里插入图片描述
还可以在几何着色器里做爆炸效果：根据法线外扩或收缩三角形（三角形分离效果），不同于顶点着色器的顶点沿法线外扩和收缩（模型放大或收缩，特殊除外，比如立方体，会造成分离效果，边缘不光滑）

程序代码：


//顺序不能错
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <learnopengl/Shader.h>
#include <learnopengl/Camera.h>
#include <learnopengl/Model.h>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double x, double y);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char* path);

const int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2, lastY = SCR_WIDTH / 2;
bool firstMouse = true;

float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);

int main()
{
	//Init
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "hahaha", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		cout << "Failed to create GLFW window !" << endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}

	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		cout << "Failed to init GLAD !" << endl;
	}

	//configure
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

	//反转贴图Y轴
	//stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);

	//隐藏光标
	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

	//build and compile shader
	Shader shader("Shaders/Learn17.vs", "Shaders/Learn17.fs","Shaders/Learn26_Geometry.gs");

	Model ourModel("Models/1/nanosuit.obj");

	//render loop
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		//input
		processInput(window);

		//render
		glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

		shader.use();
		shader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
		shader.setVec3("dirLight.direction", glm::vec3(sin(glfwGetTime()*5),0.0f, cos(glfwGetTime() * 5)));
		shader.setVec3("dirLight.ambient", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
		shader.setVec3("dirLight.diffuse", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
		shader.setVec3("dirLight.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
		shader.setFloat("material.shininess", 32);

		glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
		glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
		shader.setMat4("projection", projection);
		shader.setMat4("view", view);

		glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0f, -5.0f, -10.0f));
		model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
		shader.setMat4("model", model);

		shader.setFloat("time",glfwGetTime());

		ourModel.Draw(shader);

		//swap buffer
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		//call event
		glfwPollEvents();
	}

	//terminate clearing all previously allocated GLFW resources
	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	glViewport(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
	{
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}


void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double x, double y)
{
	if (firstMouse)
	{
		lastX = x;
		lastY = y;
		firstMouse = false;
	}

	float xoffset = x - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - y;

	lastX = x;
	lastY = y;

	camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}



void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
	camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

unsigned int loadTexture(const char* path)
{
	unsigned int textureID;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	//load
	int width, height, channels;
	auto data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &channels, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		//根据通道数判断图片格式
		GLenum format;
		if (channels == 1)
			format = GL_RED;
		if (channels == 3)
			format = GL_RGB;
		if (channels == 4)
			format = GL_RGBA;

		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "failed to load texture!" << path << endl;
	}
	stbi_image_free(data);

	return textureID;
}

顶点着色器：

#version 330 core
layout(location=0)in vec3 aPos;
layout(location=1)in vec3 aNormal;
layout(location=2)in vec2 aTexcoord;

out vec3 normal;
out vec3 fragPos;

out VS_OUT {
    vec2 texCoords;
} vs_out;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
	gl_Position=projection*view*model*vec4(aPos,1.0);
	fragPos=vec3(model*vec4(aPos,1.0));
	normal=mat3(transpose(inverse(model)))*aNormal;
	uv=aTexcoord;
}

几何着色器：

#version 330 core
layout(triangles)in;
layout(triangle_strip,max_Vertices=3)out;

in VS_OUT {
    vec2 texCoords;
} gs_in[];

uniform float time;
out vec2 uv;

vec3 GetNormal()
{
	vec3 a = vec3(gl_in[0].gl_Position) - vec3(gl_in[1].gl_Position);
	vec3 b = vec3(gl_in[2].gl_Position) - vec3(gl_in[1].gl_Position);
	return normalize(cross(a,b));
}

vec4 explode(vec4 position,vec3 normal)
{
	float magintude=2.0;
	vec3 direction=normal*magintude*(sin(time)+1)/2;
	return position+vec4(direction,0.0);
}

void main()
{
	vec3 normal = GetNormal();
	
	gl_Position=explode(gl_in[0].gl_Position,normal);
	uv=gs_in[0].texCoords;
	EmitVertex();
	
	gl_Position=explode(gl_in[1].gl_Position,normal);
	uv=gs_in[1].texCoords;
	EmitVertex();
	
	gl_Position=explode(gl_in[2].gl_Position,normal);
	uv=gs_in[2].texCoords;
	EmitVertex();
	
	EndPrimitive();
}

片元着色器：带光照的，但没有到

#version 330 core
out vec4 fragColor;

struct Material
{	 
	sampler2D texture_diffuse1;
	sampler2D texture_specular1;	
	float shininess;
};

//定向光
struct DirLight
{	
	vec3 direction;	
	
	vec3 ambient;
	vec3 diffuse;
	vec3 specular;
};

uniform Material material;
uniform DirLight dirLight;

in vec2 uv;
in vec3 normal;
in vec3 fragPos;

uniform vec3 viewPos;

vec3 CalcDirLight(DirLight light,vec3 normal,vec3 viewDir)
{
	vec3 lightDir=normalize(-light.direction);
	
	vec3 albedo= vec3(texture(material.texture_diffuse1,uv));
	if(albedo==vec3(0.0))
		albedo=vec3(1.0);
	vec3 specularMap=vec3(texture(material.texture_specular1,uv));	
	
	//环境光
	vec3 ambient=light.ambient*albedo ;
	
	//漫反射
	float dif=max(dot(normal,lightDir),0.0);
	vec3 diffuse=light.diffuse*dif*albedo;
	
	//高光
	vec3 reflectDir=reflect(-lightDir,normal);
	float spe=pow(max(dot(reflectDir,viewDir),0.0),material.shininess);
	vec3 specular=light.specular*spe*specularMap;
	
	return ambient+diffuse+specular;
}


void main()
{	
	vec3 worldNormal=normalize(normal);	
	vec3 viewDir=normalize(viewPos-fragPos);	
	
	//定向光
	vec3 result=CalcDirLight(dirLight,worldNormal,viewDir);

	fragColor=vec4(result,1.0);
}

法向量可视化：
当编写光照着色器时，你可能会最终会得到一些奇怪的视觉输出，但又很难确定导致问题的原因。光照错误很常见的原因就是法向量错误，这可能是由于不正确加载顶点数据、错误地将它们定义为顶点属性或在着色器中不正确地管理所导致的。我们想要的是使用某种方式来检测提供的法向量是正确的。检测法向量是否正确的一个很好的方式就是对它们进行可视化，几何着色器正是实现这一目的非常有用的工具。

思路是这样的：我们首先不使用几何着色器正常绘制场景。然后再次绘制场景，但这次只显示通过几何着色器生成法向量。几何着色器接收一个三角形图元，并沿着法向量生成三条线——每个顶点一个法向量。伪代码看起来会像是这样：

shader.use();
DrawScene();
normalDisplayShader.use();
DrawScene();

这次在几何着色器中，我们会使用模型提供的顶点法线，而不是自己生成，为了适配（观察和模型矩阵的）缩放和旋转，我们在将法线变换到裁剪空间坐标之前，先使用法线矩阵变换一次（几何着色器接受的位置向量是剪裁空间坐标，所以我们应该将法向量变换到相同的空间中）。这可以在顶点着色器中完成：

这里源码有问题，有两种解决方案：

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;

out VS_OUT {
    vec3 normal;
} vs_out;

uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 model;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0); 
    
    //源码错误
    //mat3 normalMatrix = mat3(transpose(inverse(view * model)));
    //vs_out.normal = normalize(vec3(projection * vec4(normalMatrix * aNormal, 0.0)));
    //修改版
	mat4 normalMatrix = mat4(transpose(inverse(view*model)));
	vs_out.normal = projection * normalMatrix * vec4(aNormal,0.0);
}

另一网友的做法：
VS:
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 2) in vec3 aNormal;

out VS_OUT
{
vec3 normal;
} vs_out;

void main()
{
vs_out.normal = aNormal;
gl_Position = vec4(aPos,1.0f);
}

GS:
#version 330 core
layout(triangles) in;
layout(line_strip,max_vertices=6) out;

uniform float offsetMagnitude;
uniform mat4 model;
layout(std140) uniform CameraInfo
{
vec3 cameraPos;
mat4 view;
mat4 projection;
};

in VS_OUT
{
vec3 normal;
} vs_in[];

void GeneraNLine(mat3 normalMatrix,int index)
{
gl_Position = projection*view*model*gl_in[index].gl_Position;
EmitVertex();

vec4 ptOnNormal = view*model*gl_in[index].gl_Position + vec4( normalize(normalMatrix*vs_in[index].normal)*offsetMagnitude,0.0f);
gl_Position = projection*ptOnNormal;
EmitVertex();
EndPrimitive();
}

void main()
{
mat3 nMat = mat3(transpose(inverse(view*model)));

GeneraNLine(nMat,0);
GeneraNLine(nMat,1);
GeneraNLine(nMat,2);
}

变换后的裁剪空间法向量会以接口块的形式传递到下个着色器阶段。接下来，几何着色器会接收每一个顶点（包括一个位置向量和一个法向量），并在每个位置向量处绘制一个法线向量：

#version 330 core
layout (triangles) in;
layout (line_strip, max_vertices = 6) out;

in VS_OUT {
    vec3 normal;
} gs_in[];

const float MAGNITUDE = 0.4;

void GenerateLine(int index)
{
    gl_Position = gl_in[index].gl_Position;
    EmitVertex();
    gl_Position = gl_in[index].gl_Position + vec4(gs_in[index].normal, 0.0) * MAGNITUDE;
    EmitVertex();
    EndPrimitive();
}

void main()
{
    GenerateLine(0); // 第一个顶点法线
    GenerateLine(1); // 第二个顶点法线
    GenerateLine(2); // 第三个顶点法线
}

像这样的几何着色器应该很容易理解了。注意我们将法向量乘以了一个MAGNITUDE向量，来限制显示出的法向量大小（否则它们就有点大了）。

因为法线的可视化通常都是用于调试目的，我们可以使用片段着色器，将它们显示为单色的线（如果你愿意也可以是非常好看的线）：

#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

void main()
{
    FragColor = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
}

程序代码：原文复制

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <learnopengl/shader.h>
#include <learnopengl/camera.h>
#include <learnopengl/model.h>

#include <iostream>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;

// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

int main()
{
    // glfw: initialize and configure
    // ------------------------------
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

    // glfw window creation
    // --------------------
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    // tell GLFW to capture our mouse
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    // glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
    // ---------------------------------------
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    // configure global opengl state
    // -----------------------------
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    // build and compile shaders
    // -------------------------
    Shader shader("9.3.default.vs", "9.3.default.fs");
    Shader normalShader("9.3.normal_visualization.vs", "9.3.normal_visualization.fs", "9.3.normal_visualization.gs");

    // load models
    // -----------
    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
    Model backpack(FileSystem::getPath("resources/objects/backpack/backpack.obj"));

    // render loop
    // -----------
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // per-frame time logic
        // --------------------
        float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // input
        // -----
        processInput(window);

        // render
        // ------
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // configure transformation matrices
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 1.0f, 100.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();;
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        shader.use();
        shader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        shader.setMat4("view", view);
        shader.setMat4("model", model);

        // draw model as usual
        backpack.Draw(shader);

        // then draw model with normal visualizing geometry shader
        normalShader.use();
        normalShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        normalShader.setMat4("view", view);
        normalShader.setMat4("model", model);

        backpack.Draw(normalShader);

        // glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
        // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    // make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
    // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}