标准C函数库和POSIX函数库的关系

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POSIX表示可移植操作系统接口（Portable Operating System Interface of UNIX，缩写为 POSIX ）

The C POSIX library is a specification of a C standard library for POSIX systems. It was developed at the same time as the ANSI C standard. Some effort was made to make POSIX compatible with standard C; POSIX includes additional functions to those introduced in standard C.

一言以蔽之：POSIX库函数是C标准库函数的超集。

1 标准C库

<assert.h>      Contains the assert macro, used to assist with detecting logical errors and other types of bug in debugging versions of a program.
<complex.h> C99 A set of functions for manipulating complex numbers.
<ctype.h>       Defines set of functions used to classify characters by their types or to convert between upper and lower case in a way that is independent of the used character set (typically ASCII or one of its extensions, although implementations utilizing EBCDIC are also known).
<errno.h>       For testing error codes reported by library functions.
<fenv.h>    C99 Defines a set of functions for controlling floating-point environment.
<float.h>       Defines macro constants specifying the implementation-specific properties of the floating-point library.
<inttypes.h>    C99 Defines exact width integer types.
<iso646.h>  NA1 Defines several macros that implement alternative ways to express several standard tokens. For programming in ISO 646 variant character sets.
<limits.h>      Defines macro constants specifying the implementation-specific properties of the integer types.
<locale.h>      Defines localization functions.
<math.h>        Defines common mathematical functions.
<setjmp.h>      Declares the macros setjmp and longjmp, which are used for non-local exits.
<signal.h>      Defines signal handling functions.
<stdalign.h>    C11 For querying and specifying the alignment of objects.
<stdarg.h>      For accessing a varying number of arguments passed to functions.
<stdatomic.h>   C11 For atomic operations on data shared between threads.
<stdbool.h> C99 Defines a boolean data type.
<stddef.h>      Defines several useful types and macros.
<stdint.h>  C99 Defines exact width integer types.
<stdio.h>       Defines core input and output functions
<stdlib.h>      Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random numbers generation functions, memory allocation, process control functions
<stdnoreturn.h> C11 For specifying non-returning functions.
<string.h>      Defines string handling functions.
<tgmath.h>  C99 Defines type-generic mathematical functions.
<threads.h> C11 Defines functions for managing multiple Threads as well as mutexes and condition variables.
<time.h>        Defines date and time handling functions
<uchar.h>   C11 Types and functions for manipulating Unicode characters.
<wchar.h>   NA1 Defines wide string handling functions.
<wctype.h>  NA1 Defines set of functions used to classify wide characters by their types or to convert between upper and lower case

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2 POSIX库（标准C库除外）

<aio.h> Asynchronous input and output   Issue 5
<arpa/inet.h>   Functions for manipulating numeric IP addresses (part of Berkeley sockets)  Issue 6
<assert.h>  Verify assumptions   ??
<complex.h> Complex Arithmetic, see C mathematical functions     ??
<cpio.h>    Magic numbers for the cpio archive format   Issue 3
<dirent.h>  Allows the opening and listing of directories   Issue 2
<dlfcn.h>   Dynamic linking Issue 5
<errno.h>   Retrieving Error Number  ??
<fcntl.h>   File opening, locking and other operations  Issue 1
<fenv.h>    Floating-Point Environment (FPE), see C mathematical functions   ??
<float.h>   Floating-point types, see C data types   ??
<fmtmsg.h>  Message display structures  Issue 4
<fnmatch.h> Filename matching   Issue 4
<ftw.h> File tree traversal Issue 1
<glob.h>    Pathname "globbing" (pattern-matching)  Issue 4
<grp.h> User group information and control  Issue 1
<iconv.h>   Codeset conversion facility Issue 4
<inttypes.h>    Fixed sized integer types, see C data types  ??
<iso646.h>  Alternative spellings, see C alternative tokens  ??
<langinfo.h>    Language information constants – builds on C localization functions Issue 2
<libgen.h>  Pathname manipulation   Issue 4
<limits.h>  Implementation-defined constants, see C data types   ??
<locale.h>  Category macros, see C localization functions    ??
<math.h>    Mathematical declarations, see C mathematical functions  ??
<monetary.h>    String formatting of monetary units Issue 4
<mqueue.h>  Message queue   Issue 5
<ndbm.h>    NDBM database operations    Issue 4
<net/if.h>  Listing of local network interfaces Issue 6
<netdb.h>   Translating protocol and host names into numeric addresses (part of Berkeley sockets)   Issue 6
<netinet/in.h>  Defines Internet protocol and address family (part of Berkeley sockets) Issue 6
<netinet/tcp.h> Additional TCP control options (part of Berkeley sockets)   Issue 6
<nl_types.h>    Localization message catalog functions  Issue 2
<poll.h>    Asynchronous file descriptor multiplexing   Issue 4
<pthread.h> Defines an API for creating and manipulating POSIX threads  Issue 5
<pwd.h> passwd (user information) access and control    Issue 1
<regex.h>   Regular expression matching Issue 4
<sched.h>   Execution scheduling    Issue 5
<search.h>  Search tables   Issue 1
<semaphore.h>   POSIX semaphores    Issue 5
<setjmp.h>  Stack environment declarations   ??
<signal.h>  Signals, see C signal handling   ??
<spawn.h>   Process spawning    Issue 6
<stdarg.h>  Handle Variable Argument List    ??
<stdbool.h> Boolean type and values, see C data types    ??
<stddef.h>  Standard type definitions, see C data types  ??
<stdint.h>  Integer types, see C data types  ??
<stdio.h>   Standard buffered input/output, see C file input/output  ??
<stdlib.h>  Standard library definitions, see C standard library     ??
<string.h>  Several String Operations, see C string handling     ??
<strings.h> Case-insensitive string comparisons Issue 4
<stropts.h> Stream manipulation, including ioctl    Issue 4
<sys/ipc.h> Inter-process communication (IPC)   Issue 2
<sys/mman.h>    Memory management, including POSIX shared memory and memory mapped files    Issue 4
<sys/msg.h> POSIX message queues    Issue 2
<sys/resource.h>    Resource usage, priorities, and limiting    Issue 4
<sys/select.h>  Synchronous I/O multiplexing    Issue 6
<sys/sem.h> XSI (SysV style) semaphores Issue 2
<sys/shm.h> XSI (SysV style) shared memory  Issue 2
<sys/socket.h>  Main Berkley sockets header Issue 6
<sys/stat.h>    File information (stat et al.)  Issue 1
<sys/statvfs.h> File System information Issue 4
<sys/time.h>    Time and date functions and structures  Issue 4
<sys/times.h>   File access and modification times  Issue 1
<sys/types.h>   Various data types used elsewhere   Issue 1
<sys/uio.h> Vectored I/O operations Issue 4
<sys/un.h>  Unix domain sockets Issue 6
<sys/utsname.h> Operating system information, including uname   Issue 1
<sys/wait.h>    Status of terminated child processes (see wait) Issue 3
<syslog.h>  System error logging    Issue 4
<tar.h> Magic numbers for the tar archive format    Issue 3
<termios.h> Allows terminal I/O interfaces  Issue 3
<tgmath.h>  Type-Generic Macros, see C mathematical functions    ??
<time.h>    Type-Generic Macros, see C date and time functions   ??
<trace.h>   Tracing of runtime behavior (DEPRECATED)    Issue 6
<ulimit.h>  Resource limiting (DEPRECATED in favor of <sys/resource.h>) Issue 1
<unistd.h>  Various essential POSIX functions and constants Issue 1
<utime.h>   inode access and modification times Issue 3
<utmpx.h>   User accounting database functions  Issue 4
<wchar.h>   Wide-Character Handling, see C string handling   ??
<wctype.h>  Wide-Character Classification and Mapping Utilities, see C character classification  ??
<wordexp.h> Word-expansion like the shell would perform