linux平台性能监控系统,如何使用top命令监控Linux系统性能

如何使用top命令监控Linux系统性能

top 命令是是Linux系统中各常用来监控 Linux系统性能的命令之一。你可能经常使用到top命令，使用top命令监控Linux系统性能。而且，你已经知道 top 命令的绝大部分操作，除了一些极个别的操作，例如，top命令的批处理模式。

本教程主要讲解一下什么是top 命令的批处理模式以及如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令。

什么是 top 命令的批处理模式

批处理模式允许你将 top 命令的输出发送至其他程序或者文件中。

在这个模式中，top 命令将不会接收输入并且持续运行，直到迭代次数达到你用 -n 选项指定的次数为止。

如果你想解决 Linux 服务器上的任何性能问题，你需要正确的 理解 top 命令的输出。

如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令

默认，top 命令按照 CPU 的使用率来排序输出结果，所以当你在批处理模式中运行以下命令时，它会执行同样的操作并打印你指定的行，命令如下：

top -bc | head -35

输出：

top - 06:41:14 up 8 days, 20:24, 1 user, load average: 0.87, 0.77, 0.81

Tasks: 139 total, 1 running, 136 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie

%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 3.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 96.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1595932 free, 886736 used, 1398272 buff/cache

KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2648472 avail Mem

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

1 root 20 0 191144 2800 1596 S 0.0 0.1 5:43.63 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22

2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.32 [kthreadd]

3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:28.10 [ksoftirqd/0]

5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/0:0H]

7 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:33.96 [migration/0]

8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [rcu_bh]

9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 63:05.12 [rcu_sched]

10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [lru-add-drain]

11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.79 [watchdog/0]

12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.82 [watchdog/1]

13 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:44.27 [migration/1]

14 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:22.45 [ksoftirqd/1]

16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/1:0H]

18 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 [kdevtmpfs]

19 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [netns]

20 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.35 [khungtaskd]

21 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 [writeback]

22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kintegrityd]

23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [bioset]

24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kblockd]

25 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [md]

26 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [edac-poller]

33 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:19.07 [kswapd0]

34 root 25 5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [ksmd]

35 root 39 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:12.80 [khugepaged]

36 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [crypto]

44 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kthrotld]

46 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kmpath_rdacd]

批处理模式下运行top 命令并按内存使用率排序

在批处理模式中通过运行以下命令按内存使用率对结果进行排序：

top -bc -o +%MEM | head -n 20

输出：

top - 06:42:00 up 8 days, 20:25, 1 user, load average: 0.66, 0.74, 0.80

Tasks: 146 total, 1 running, 145 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie

%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1422044 free, 1059176 used, 1399720 buff/cache

KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2475984 avail Mem

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

18105 mysql 20 0 1453900 156096 8816 S 0.0 4.0 2:12.98 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

1841 root 20 0 228980 107036 5360 S 0.0 2.8 0:05.56 /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/perl/528/bin/perl -T -w /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/bin/spamd --max-children=3 --max-spare=1 --allowed-ips=127.0.0.+

4301 root 20 0 230208 104608 1816 S 0.0 2.7 0:03.77 spamd child

8139 nobody 20 0 257000 27108 3408 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

7961 nobody 20 0 256988 26912 3160 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.05 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8190 nobody 20 0 256976 26812 3140 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.05 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8353 nobody 20 0 256976 26812 3144 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8629 nobody 20 0 256856 26736 3108 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.02 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8636 nobody 20 0 256856 26712 3100 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.03 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8611 nobody 20 0 256844 25764 2228 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8451 nobody 20 0 256844 25760 2220 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8610 nobody 20 0 256844 25748 2224 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

8632 nobody 20 0 256844 25744 2216 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.03 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

对上面命令参数解释信息：

-b：批处理模式选项

-c：打印运行中的进程的绝对路径

-o：指定进行排序的字段

head：输出文件的第一部分

-n：打印前 n 行

批处理模式下运行 top 命令并按照指定的用户进程对结果进行排序

如果你想要按照指定用户进程对结果进行排序请运行以下命令：

top -bc -u mysql | head -n 10

输出：

top - 06:44:58 up 8 days, 20:27, 1 user, load average: 0.99, 0.87, 0.84

Tasks: 140 total, 1 running, 137 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie

%Cpu(s): 13.3 us, 3.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 83.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1589832 free, 885648 used, 1405460 buff/cache

KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2649412 avail Mem

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

18105 mysql 20 0 1453900 156888 8816 S 0.0 4.0 2:16.42 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

批处理模式下运行 top 命令并按照处理时间进行排序

在批处理模式中使用以下 top 命令按照处理时间对结果进行排序。该命令可以显示任务从启动以来已使用的总 CPU 时间。

但是如果你想要检查一个进程在 Linux 上运行了多长时间请看接下来的文章：

top -bc -o TIME+ | head -n 20

输出：

top - 06:45:56 up 8 days, 20:28, 1 user, load average: 0.56, 0.77, 0.81

Tasks: 148 total, 1 running, 146 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie

%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 3.1 sy, 0.0 ni, 96.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1378664 free, 1094876 used, 1407400 buff/cache

KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2440332 avail Mem

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 63:05.70 [rcu_sched]

272 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 16:12.13 [xfsaild/vda1]

3882 root 20 0 229832 6212 1220 S 0.0 0.2 9:00.84 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

1 root 20 0 191144 2800 1596 S 0.0 0.1 5:43.75 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22

3761 root 20 0 68784 9820 2048 S 0.0 0.3 5:09.67 tailwatchd

3529 root 20 0 404380 3472 2604 S 0.0 0.1 3:24.98 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n

3520 root 20 0 574208 572 164 S 0.0 0.0 3:07.74 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P

444 dbus 20 0 58444 1144 612 S 0.0 0.0 2:23.90 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation

18105 mysql 20 0 1453900 157152 8816 S 0.0 4.0 2:17.29 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

249 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:28.83 [kworker/0:1H]

14 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:22.46 [ksoftirqd/1]

33 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:19.07 [kswapd0]

342 root 20 0 39472 2940 2752 S 0.0 0.1 1:18.17 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald

批处理模式下运行 top 命令并将结果保存到文件中

如果出于解决问题的目的，你想要和别人分享 top 命令的输出，请使用以下命令重定向输出到文件中：

top -bc | head -35 > top-report.txt

cat top-report.txt

输出：

top - 06:47:11 up 8 days, 20:30, 1 user, load average: 0.67, 0.77, 0.81

Tasks: 133 total, 4 running, 129 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie

%Cpu(s): 59.4 us, 12.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 28.1 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1596268 free, 843284 used, 1441388 buff/cache

KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2659084 avail Mem

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

9686 daygeekc 20 0 406132 62184 43448 R 94.1 1.6 0:00.34 /opt/cpanel/ea-php56/root/usr/bin/php-cgi

9689 nobody 20 0 256588 24428 1184 S 5.9 0.6 0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

1 root 20 0 191144 2800 1596 S 0.0 0.1 5:43.79 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22

2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.32 [kthreadd]

3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:28.11 [ksoftirqd/0]

5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/0:0H]

7 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:33.96 [migration/0]

8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [rcu_bh]

9 root 20 0 0 0 0 R 0.0 0.0 63:05.82 [rcu_sched]

10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [lru-add-drain]

11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.79 [watchdog/0]

12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.82 [watchdog/1]

13 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:44.28 [migration/1]

14 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:22.46 [ksoftirqd/1]

16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/1:0H]

18 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 [kdevtmpfs]

19 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [netns]

20 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.35 [khungtaskd]

21 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 [writeback]

22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kintegrityd]

23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [bioset]

24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kblockd]

25 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [md]

26 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [edac-poller]

33 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:19.07 [kswapd0]

34 root 25 5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [ksmd]

35 root 39 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:12.80 [khugepaged]

36 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [crypto]

如何按照指定字段对结果进行排序

在 top 命令的最新版本中， 按下 f 键进入字段管理界面。

要使用新字段进行排序， 请使用 up/down 箭头选择正确的选项，然后再按下 s 键进行排序。最后按 q 键退出此窗口。

Fields Management for window 1:Def, whose current sort field is %CPU

Navigate with Up/Dn, Right selects for move then or Left commits,

'd' or toggles display, 's' sets sort. Use 'q' or to end!

PID = Process Id nsUTS = UTS namespace Inode

USER = Effective User Name LXC = LXC container name

PR = Priority RSan = RES Anonymous (KiB)

NI = Nice Value RSfd = RES File-based (KiB)

VIRT = Virtual Image (KiB) RSlk = RES Locked (KiB)

RES = Resident Size (KiB) RSsh = RES Shared (KiB)

SHR = Shared Memory (KiB) CGNAME = Control Group name

S = Process Status NU = Last Used NUMA node

%CPU = CPU Usage

%MEM = Memory Usage (RES)

TIME+ = CPU Time, hundredths

COMMAND = Command Name/Line

PPID = Parent Process pid

UID = Effective User Id

RUID = Real User Id

RUSER = Real User Name

SUID = Saved User Id

SUSER = Saved User Name

GID = Group Id

GROUP = Group Name

PGRP = Process Group Id

TTY = Controlling Tty

TPGID = Tty Process Grp Id

SID = Session Id

nTH = Number of Threads

P = Last Used Cpu (SMP)

TIME = CPU Time

SWAP = Swapped Size (KiB)

CODE = Code Size (KiB)

DATA = Data+Stack (KiB)

nMaj = Major Page Faults

nMin = Minor Page Faults

nDRT = Dirty Pages Count

WCHAN = Sleeping in Function

Flags = Task Flags

CGROUPS = Control Groups

SUPGIDS = Supp Groups IDs

SUPGRPS = Supp Groups Names

TGID = Thread Group Id

OOMa = OOMEM Adjustment

OOMs = OOMEM Score current

ENVIRON = Environment vars

vMj = Major Faults delta

vMn = Minor Faults delta

USED = Res+Swap Size (KiB)

nsIPC = IPC namespace Inode

nsMNT = MNT namespace Inode

nsNET = NET namespace Inode

nsPID = PID namespace Inode

nsUSER = USER namespace Inode

对 top 命令的旧版本，请按 shift+f 或 shift+o 键进入字段管理界面进行排序。

要使用新字段进行排序，请选择相应的排序字段字母， 然后按下回车键排序。

Current Sort Field: N for window 1:Def

Select sort field via field letter, type any other key to return

a: PID = Process Id

b: PPID = Parent Process Pid

c: RUSER = Real user name

d: UID = User Id

e: USER = User Name

f: GROUP = Group Name

g: TTY = Controlling Tty

h: PR = Priority

i: NI = Nice value

j: P = Last used cpu (SMP)

k: %CPU = CPU usage

l: TIME = CPU Time

m: TIME+ = CPU Time, hundredths

* N: %MEM = Memory usage (RES)

o: VIRT = Virtual Image (kb)

p: SWAP = Swapped size (kb)

q: RES = Resident size (kb)

r: CODE = Code size (kb)

s: DATA = Data+Stack size (kb)

t: SHR = Shared Mem size (kb)

u: nFLT = Page Fault count

v: nDRT = Dirty Pages count

w: S = Process Status

x: COMMAND = Command name/line

y: WCHAN = Sleeping in Function

z: Flags = Task Flags

Note1:

If a selected sort field can't be

shown due to screen width or your

field order, the '' keys

will be unavailable until a field

within viewable range is chosen.

Note2:

Field sorting uses internal values,

not those in column display. Thus,

the TTY & WCHAN fields will violate

strict ASCII collating sequence.

(shame on you if WCHAN is chosen)

写在最后

如果你是运维人员或者脚本开发人员，可能你已经熟知top命令在批处理中的几种使用方法。如果你不是，你不妨学习一下，可以让你更了解Linux系统中top命令。