oracle连接查询详解,oracle连接查询详解

连接查询是数据库查询语句中使用频率很高的查询方式，下面根据Oracle提供的官方文档学习一下连接查询：

一   Equijoins 等值连接：

等值连接是条件连接在连接运算符为“=”号时的特例。(相对于非等值连接，如：between...and条件)

它是从关系R与S的广义笛卡尔积中选取A，B属性值相等的那些元组。

e.g.：

SQL> select e.employee_id, e.last_name,

2 e.department_id, d.department_id,

3 d.location_id

4 from employees e, departments d

5 where e.department_id = d.department_id;

EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME DEPARTMENT_ID DEPARTMENT_ID LOCATION_ID

----------- ------------------------- ------------- ------------- -----------

198 OConnell 50 50 1500

199 Grant 50 50 1500

200 Whalen 10 10 1700

201 Hartstein 20 20 1800

......

二    Self   joins  自连接：

自连接(self join)是SQL语句中经常要用的连接方式，使用自连接可以将自身表的一个镜像当作另一个表来对待，从而能够得到一些特殊的数据。

e.g.

SELECT e1.last_name||' works for '||e2.last_name

"Employees and Their Managers"

FROM employees e1, employees e2

WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id

AND e1.last_name LIKE 'R%'

ORDER BY e1.last_name;

Employees and Their Managers

-------------------------------

Rajs works for Mourgos

Raphaely works for King

Rogers works for Kaufling

Russell works for King

三  Cartesian Products 笛卡尔积：

If two tables in a join query have no join condition, then Oracle Database returns theirCartesian product.

如果2个表连接查询而没有连接条件，则oracle返回他们的笛卡尔积。即oracle返回一个表里每一行与另一个表每一行的组合(15 X 4)。

e.g.

SCOTT@orcl> select count(1) from emp;

COUNT(1)

----------

15

SCOTT@orcl> select count(1) from dept;

COUNT(1)

----------

4

SCOTT@orcl> select count(1) from emp, dept;

COUNT(1)

----------

60

四  Inner Joins  内连接：

An inner join (sometimes called a simple join) is a join of two or more tables that returns only those rows that satisfy the join condition.

内连接也叫简单连接，是2个或更多表的关联并且仅返回那些满足连接条件的行。

e.g.

select e.employee_id, e.last_name,

e.department_id, d.department_id,

d.location_id

FROM employees e JOIN departments d

ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

五   Outer joins 外连接：

简单连接的扩展。分为左外连接(Left  outer joins)、右外连接(Right  outer joins)、全外连接(Full  outer  joins)

和Partitioned Outer Joins(分区外连接，用于数据仓库)

Listing 1:

SELECT d.department_id, e.last_name

FROM departments d LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e

ON d.department_id = e.department_id

ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;

另外一种写法：

SELECT d.department_id, e.last_name

FROM departments d, employees e

WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id(+)

ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;

Oracle 官方推荐使用第一种写法。

Listing  2:

SELECT d.department_id, e.last_name

FROM departments d RIGHT OUTER JOIN employees e

ON d.department_id = e.department_id

ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;

DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME

------------- -------------------------

. . .

110 Higgins

110 Gietz

Grant

Zeuss

Listing  3:

SELECT d.department_id as d_dept_id, e.department_id as e_dept_id,

e.last_name

FROM departments d FULL OUTER JOIN employees e

ON d.department_id = e.department_id

ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;

D_DEPT_ID E_DEPT_ID LAST_NAME

---------- ---------- -------------------------

. . .

110 110 Gietz

110 110 Higgins

. . .

260

270

999 Zeuss

Grant 更好的写法，使用USING clause

SELECT department_id AS d_e_dept_id, e.last_name

FROM departments d FULL OUTER JOIN employees e

USING (department_id)

ORDER BY department_id, e.last_name;

D_E_DEPT_ID LAST_NAME

----------- -------------------------

. . .

110 Higgins

110 Gietz

. . .

260

270

999 Zeuss

Grant

Listing  4:

CREATE TABLE inventory (time_id DATE,

product VARCHAR2(10),

quantity NUMBER);

INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'bottle', 10);

INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('06/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'bottle', 10);

INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'can', 10);

INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('04/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'can', 10);

SELECT times.time_id, product, quantity FROM inventory

PARTITION BY (product)

RIGHT OUTER JOIN times ON (times.time_id = inventory.time_id)

WHERE times.time_id BETWEEN TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY')

AND TO_DATE('06/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY')

ORDER BY 2,1;

TIME_ID PRODUCT QUANTITY

--------- ---------- ----------

01-APR-01 bottle 10

02-APR-01 bottle

03-APR-01 bottle

04-APR-01 bottle

05-APR-01 bottle

06-APR-01 bottle 10

06-APR-01 bottle 8

01-APR-01 can 10

01-APR-01 can 15

02-APR-01 can

03-APR-01 can

04-APR-01 can 10

04-APR-01 can 11

05-APR-01 can

06-APR-01 can

15 rows selected.

更好的写法：

SELECT time_id, product, LAST_VALUE(quantity IGNORE NULLS)

OVER (PARTITION BY product ORDER BY time_id) quantity

FROM ( SELECT times.time_id, product, quantity

FROM inventory PARTITION BY (product)

RIGHT OUTER JOIN times ON (times.time_id = inventory.time_id)

WHERE times.time_id BETWEEN TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY')

AND TO_DATE('06/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'))

ORDER BY 2,1;

TIME_ID PRODUCT QUANTITY

--------- ---------- ----------

01-APR-01 bottle 10

02-APR-01 bottle 10

03-APR-01 bottle 10

04-APR-01 bottle 10

05-APR-01 bottle 10

06-APR-01 bottle 8

06-APR-01 bottle 8

01-APR-01 can 15

01-APR-01 can 15

02-APR-01 can 15

03-APR-01 can 15

04-APR-01 can 11

04-APR-01 can 11

05-APR-01 can 11

06-APR-01 can 11

15 rows selected.

六Anti-joins 反连接：

返回不满足子查询条件(NOT IN)的左表记录。

e.g.

SELECT * FROM employees

WHERE department_id NOT IN

(SELECT department_id FROM departments

WHERE location_id = 1700)

ORDER BY last_name;

七Semi-joins 半连接：

返回匹配exists子查询的左侧没有重复的行。

e.g.

SELECT * FROM departments

WHERE EXISTS

(SELECT * FROM employees

WHERE departments.department_id = employees.department_id

AND employees.salary > 2500)

ORDER BY department_name;

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Present by dylan.