linux系统安装必备知识,Linux基础知识:安装Linux及常用命令介绍

安装Linux及常用命令介绍

Red Hat网站提供了经过兼容性测试和认证的“硬件兼容性列表”,在得到系统硬件设备的具体型号后,最好访问http://bugzilla.redhat.com/hwcert/来查看用户的配置是否在清单之中。

Red Hat Enterprise Linux支持以下几种安装方式。

光盘安装:直接用安装光盘的方式进行安装,这种方式是最简单也是最常用的方法,推荐初学者使用。

硬盘安装:将ISO安装光盘映像文件复制到硬盘上进行安装。

网络安装:可以将系统安装文件放在Web、FTP或NFS服务器上,通过网络安装。

硬盘分区,这是一个操作系统规划的重中之重,系统以后的扩展性,和安全性都与这步很有关系。

硬盘接口

IDE接口:

Linux对连接到IDE接口的硬盘使用/dev/hdx的方式命名,x的值对应于硬盘安装位置。x的值可以是a、b、c、d。

硬盘                  名称

IDE1口的主盘          /dev/hda

IDE1口的从盘          /dev/hdb

IDE2口的主盘          /dev/hdc

IDE2口的从盘          /dev/hdd

SCSI接口:

连接到SCSI接口的设备使用ID号进行区别,SCSI设备ID号为0~15,SCSI接口卡本身的ID号是7。Linux对连接到SCSI接口卡的硬盘使用/dev/sdx的方式命名,x的值可以是a、b、c、d等,即ID号为0的SCSI硬盘名为/dev/sda,ID号为1的SCSI硬盘名为/dev/sdb,以此类推。 Linux对SCSI硬盘最多支持15个分区

linux下的所有文件都放在“/”下,就像我的电脑一样,在Linux下面,所有设备都是以文件形式存在,分区文件都放在“/dev ”下面的

在Linux系统里,H是IDE的意思,所有的IDE设备都是以H开始的,那SCSI设备都是S开头的,USB设备属于SCSI设备。

一个硬盘最多可以有4个(主+扩展)分区,其中扩展分区只能有一个。

因1~4号己被保留,所以第1个逻辑分区的代号由5号开始,以此顺序增加到磁盘号,若未划分/dev/sda3,/dev/sda4分区,则这两个代号是空的被保留下来的代号。 逻辑分区和主分区没有关系,只与MBR的空间有关系

由于扩展分区不能写东西。所以能用的分区就要从第5个分区开始算,我电脑的第5个分区就是

sda1主分区          ------》第一个可用分区

sda2主分区          ------》第二个可用分区

sda3主分区          ------》第三个可用分区

sda4扩展分区

sda5逻辑分区    ------》第四个可用分区

sda6逻辑分区 ------》第五个可用分区

要想知道怎么规划合理,你就要知道LINUX /下的哪写文件有什么用处

第一个BIN,主要是存放普通用户的可执行命令。建议和/放在一起,不单独分出来

第二个DEV , 是系统设备文件存放位置,比如我们刚才的分区,建议和/放在一起,不单独分出来

第三个HOME,是普通用户的家目录,很多文件服务器都会用到用户的家目录存放资料,所以建议单独分区, 而且还有一个好处, 如果你系统坏了,实在不能用了,需要从新安装系统。你单独分出了home分区,里面的东西可以在安装好系统后,从新挂载进系统。就不会出现重要数据丢失的问题

lost+found 分区的文件碎片,没个分区都有 一般不用管这目录

misc 自动挂载服务需要的的目录,建议和 /放一起

net 目录我平时都没注意,是个空目录。一般不会使用

proc 目录里的东西就是现在内存中的东西。不会占用硬盘空间,不须要单独分区

sbin 目录,是超级管理员的可执行文件存放目录

tmp 临时文件目录,不需要单独分出来

var  是很多服务器 文件使用的目录,建议单独分区。

boot 存放GRUB(启动装载程序)和内核的文件  强烈建议单独分成第一个主分区, 这样系统启动不了,比较容易排除故障

etc 大部分配置文件的存放目录。 虽然重要但是不大,但是一定要和/放一起,因为启动的时候需要读取里面的配置文件, 这个是不能单独分出去的。

lib 系统和可执行程序的库文件。 和/放一起

media 和mnt 也是挂载光驱和其他设备用的,和/放一起

root 超级用户的家目录,里面一般没什么东西,可以和/放一起

selinux 增强性安全LINUX,和usr 部分用户安装文件存放目录。也和/放一起

出与安全行和扩展性考虑我们会分出4个分区: /boot,,/,/home,/var

var和home目录是看你服务器性质而定。 一般把剩余空间全部分配给他们

安装Linux时,需要在硬盘建立Linux使用的分区,在大多情况下,至少需要为Linux建立以下3个分区。

/boot分区:/boot分区用于引导系统,它包含了操作系统的内核和在启动系统过程中所要用到的文件,该分区的大小一般为100MB。

swap分区:swap分区的作用是充当虚拟内存,其大小通常是物理内存的两倍左右(当物理内存大于512MB时,swap分区为512MB即可)。例如物理内存是128MB,那么swap分区的大小应该是256MB。

/(根)分区:Linux将大部分的系统文件和用户文件都保存在/(根)分区上,所以该分区一定要足够大,一般要求大于5GB。

登陆LINUX操作系统有几种方式?从本地登陆叫做控制台, 网络登陆的叫做终端, 就这两种方式。图形界面就是一个控制台,而且我们还可以通过 CTRL+ALT+F(1-6)切换到虚拟控制台, CTRL+ALT+F7 就是切换回图形界面, 在登陆的时候需要输入用户名和密码。 地球人都知道, 虚拟终端都是CLI的, CLI=字符界面

当用户登陆后,所在的目录是在自己的家目录当中,

[root@stationXX etc]#

[当前用户名@主机名 当前目录]

提示符因用户而异

home目录是用户登入系统后即所在的默认目录

谁告诉我上面的主机名字是什么?

stationXX, 注意 LINUX是严格区分大小写的, 所以 在打命令和写脚本,写配置文件的时候,一定要注意大小写

#和$有什么不同?

# 只有root 进去的才是这个标志

就算其他用户通过sudo或者怎么得到超级权限的还是$,#是一种身份的象征的哈

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