How Does OFDM Work?
The OFDM transmission scheme can be broken down into several components. The data is first coded and modulated, usually into QAM symbols. These symbols are loaded into equally spaced frequency bins and an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) is applied to transform the signal into orthogonal overlapping sinusoids in the time domain. The IFFT is given by the equation:
$$x(n) = { 1 \over N} \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} X(k) e^{i \frac{2 \pi xt}{N}} $$
The N samples at the output of the IFFT make up one OFDM symbol. A cyclic prefix is then appended to each OFDM symbol, which allows for computation of circular convolution through linear convolution if the cyclic prefix is at least as long as the channel impulse response. This allows equalization at the receiver to remove intersymbol interference through a straightforward complex scalar multiplication applied to each OFDM symbol independently. In a typical OFDM application, known pilot symbols are added at the transmitter to aid with channel estimation and equalization.
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