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pmap is a good tool to report the memory map of a process. But how to make sure a process has memory leak, here is the tips:
1, if the virtual memory (VIRT) or writeable/private (‘pmap –d’ output) keeps increasing stably when you repeat the same operation, it should be have memory leak.
2, The RSS is just for your reference, it can’t used as the factor to detect memory leak.
3, although you call ‘free’ or ‘delete’, the virtual memory may not shrink immediately.
4, the same new operation may mapped to different [anon] virtual memory space. Here 1M was alloated to000000001b56a000and00002ac25a77c000.
000000001b56a00011561212 rw---[ anon ]
00002ac25a77c00010401616 rw---[ anon ]
Test Code:
#include "stdio.h"
int global_i_init=0;
static int static_global_j=11;
int global_k;
int main () {
int tmp;
printf ("global_i_init: 0x%lx\n",&global_i_init );
printf ("global_k non_init : 0x%lx\n",&global_k );
printf ("static_global_j : 0x%lx\n",&static_global_j );
printf ("stack i : 0x%lx\n",&tmp );
getchar (); // step2
char *x= new char[100*1024];
printf ("data allocate 100k @0x%lx\n", x);
getchar(); // step3
char *x2= new char[1024*1024];
printf ("data allocate 1M i@0x%lx\n", x2);
getchar(); // step4
printf ("data write at x2[1024*1024-1] ");
x2[1024*1024-1]=0;
getchar(); // step5
printf ("data read at x2 ");
int j;
for (int i=0;i<1024*1024; i++)
j=x2[i];
getchar (); // step6
printf ("delete x2");
delete x2;
getchar (); //step 7
printf ("delete x");
delete x;
getchar(); //step8
x2= new char[1024*1024];
printf ("data allocate 1M i@0x%lx\n", x2);
getchar ();
}
Program output:
ATCA48-0-0-1:/root-# ./a.out
global_i_init: 0x500cc0
global_k non_init : 0x500cc4
static_global_j : 0x500cb8
stack i : 0x7fff0120ab5c
data allocate 100k @0x1b56a010
data allocate 1M i@0x2ac25a77f010
data write at x2[1024*1024-1]
data read at x2
delete x2
delete x
data allocate 1M i@0x1b56a010
最后一行的值
mapped 表示该进程映射的虚拟地址空间大小,也就是该进程预先分配的虚拟内存大小,即ps出的vsz
writeable/private 表示进程所占用的私有地址空间大小,也就是该进程实际使用的内存大小
shared 表示进程和其他进程共享的内存大小
pmap -d output:
mapped
writeable/private:
shared
STEP 1
init
19616K
236K
0
STEP 2
new 100k
19848K
468K
0
STEP 3
new 1M
20876K
1496K
0
STEP 4
write 1 byte
20876K
1496K
0
STEP 5
read 1M
20876K
1496K
0
STEP 6
delete 1M
19848K
468K(没有变化)
0
STEP 7
delete 100k
19848K
468K(没有变化)
0
STEP 8
new 1M
20772K
1392K
0
pmap -d conclusion:
1, mapped and writeable/private can reflect the memory variation.
mapped 和writeable/private 能够反映内存的变化.
2, delete or free may not decrease mapped or writeable/private immediately.
delete 和free 不能在 mapped 和writeable/private 立即反映出来,比方删除100k就没有变化
pmap -x output:
Total kbytes
RSS
Dirty
STEP 1
init
19616
912
124
STEP 2
new 100k
19848
976
140
STEP 3
new 1M
20876
980
144
STEP 4
write 1 byte
20876
984
148
STEP 5
read 1M
20876
2004
148
STEP 6
delete 1M
19848
976
140
STEP 7
delete 100k
19848
980
140
STEP 8
new 1M
20772
984
144
Address
kbytes
RSS
Dirty
STEP 1
init
STEP 2
new 100k
000000001b56a000
232
8
8
STEP 3
new 1M
000000001b56a000
232
8
8
STEP 4
write 1 byte
000000001b56a000
232
8
8
STEP 5
read 1M
000000001b56a000
232
8
8
STEP 6
delete 1M
000000001b56a000
232
8
8
STEP 7
delete 100k
000000001b56a000
232
8
8
STEP 8
new 1M
000000001b56a000
1156
12
12
Address
kbytes
RSS
Dirty
STEP 1
init
00002ac25a77c000
12
12
12
STEP 2
new 100k
00002ac25a77c000
12
12
12
STEP 3
new 1M
00002ac25a77c000
1040
16
16
STEP 4
write 1 byte
00002ac25a77c000
1040
20
20
STEP 5
read 1M
00002ac25a77c000
1040
1040
20
STEP 6
delete 1M
00002ac25a77c000
12
12
12
STEP 7
delete 100k
00002ac25a77c000
12
12
12
STEP 8
new 1M
00002ac25a77c000
12
12
12
pmap -x conclusion:
pmap -x 结论
1, although you used new(step 3), the OS didn‘t commit the memory page until you read (STEP5)or write(STEP4) that memory space.
尽管你已经调用了 new分配内存(step 3), 但是 OS不一定一下把所有的page都分配。本例中只有对那一块已经分配内存进行读 (STEP5)或者写(STEP4) 的时候才提交实际内存
pmap -x:
2, the new memory operation maybe happened on different Address range. like the first 1M allcation at00002ac25a77c000, but the 2nd 1M allcation happened at 000000001b56a000
Final pmap -d:
Address Kbytes Mode Offset Device Mapping
0000000000400000 4 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 a.out
0000000000500000 4 rw--- 0000000000000000 008:00001 a.out
000000001b56a000 1156 rw--- 000000001b56a000 000:00000 [ anon ]
0000003677000000 112 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 ld-2.5.so
000000367721c000 4 r---- 000000000001c000 008:00001 ld-2.5.so
000000367721d000 4 rw--- 000000000001d000 008:00001 ld-2.5.so
0000003677400000 1336 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 libc-2.5.so
000000367754e000 2048 ----- 000000000014e000 008:00001 libc-2.5.so
000000367774e000 16 r---- 000000000014e000 008:00001 libc-2.5.so
0000003677752000 4 rw--- 0000000000152000 008:00001 libc-2.5.so
0000003677753000 20 rw--- 0000003677753000 000:00000 [ anon ]
0000003677c00000 520 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 libm-2.5.so
0000003677c82000 2044 ----- 0000000000082000 008:00001 libm-2.5.so
0000003677e81000 4 r---- 0000000000081000 008:00001 libm-2.5.so
0000003677e82000 4 rw--- 0000000000082000 008:00001 libm-2.5.so
0000003678c00000 52 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
0000003678c0d000 2048 ----- 000000000000d000 008:00001 libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
0000003678e0d000 4 rw--- 000000000000d000 008:00001 libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
0000003679400000 920 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036794e6000 2044 ----- 00000000000e6000 008:00001 libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036796e5000 24 r---- 00000000000e5000 008:00001 libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036796eb000 12 rw--- 00000000000eb000 008:00001 libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036796ee000 72 rw--- 00000036796ee000 000:00000 [ anon ]
00002ac25a76f000 16 rw--- 00002ac25a76f000 000:00000 [ anon ]
00002ac25a77c000 12 rw--- 00002ac25a77c000 000:00000 [ anon ]
00007fff011f8000 84 rw--- 00007ffffffe9000 000:00000 [ stack ]
00007fff013c2000 12 r-x-- 00007fff013c2000 000:00000 [ anon ]
ffffffffff600000 8192 ----- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ]
mapped: 20772K writeable/private: 1392K shared: 0K
Final pmap -x
Address Kbytes RSS Dirty Mode Mapping
0000000000400000 4 4 0 r-x-- a.out
0000000000500000 4 4 4 rw--- a.out
000000001b56a000 1156 12 12 rw--- [ anon ]
0000003677000000 112 96 0 r-x-- ld-2.5.so
000000367721c000 4 4 4 r---- ld-2.5.so
000000367721d000 4 4 4 rw--- ld-2.5.so
0000003677400000 1336 284 0 r-x-- libc-2.5.so
000000367754e000 2048 0 0 ----- libc-2.5.so
000000367774e000 16 16 8 r---- libc-2.5.so
0000003677752000 4 4 4 rw--- libc-2.5.so
0000003677753000 20 16 16 rw--- [ anon ]
0000003677c00000 520 20 0 r-x-- libm-2.5.so
0000003677c82000 2044 0 0 ----- libm-2.5.so
0000003677e81000 4 4 4 r---- libm-2.5.so
0000003677e82000 4 4 4 rw--- libm-2.5.so
0000003678c00000 52 16 0 r-x-- libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
0000003678c0d000 2048 0 0 ----- libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
0000003678e0d000 4 4 4 rw--- libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
0000003679400000 920 404 0 r-x-- libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036794e6000 2044 0 0 ----- libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036796e5000 24 24 20 r---- libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036796eb000 12 12 12 rw--- libstdc++.so.6.0.8
00000036796ee000 72 8 8 rw--- [ anon ]
00002ac25a76f000 16 16 16 rw--- [ anon ]
00002ac25a77c000 12 12 12 rw--- [ anon ]
00007fff011f8000 84 12 12 rw--- [ stack ]
00007fff013c2000 12 4 0 r-x-- [ anon ]
ffffffffff600000 8192 0 0 ----- [ anon ]
---------------- ------ ------ ------
total kB 20772 984 144
3 ps和pamp比较
man ps 看看它们的含义:
rss RSS resident set size, the non-swapped physical memory that a task has used (in kiloBytes). (alias rssize, rsz).
vsz VSZ virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024-byte units). Device mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change. (alias vsize).
简单一点说,RSS 就是这个process 实际占用的物理内存,VSZ 就是process 的虚拟内存,就是process 现在没有使用但未来可能会分配的内存大小。
其实这里的ps 出来的结果,是有点不正确的,如果把所有程序的 RSS 加起来,恐怕比你的实际内存还要大呢。为什么呢??因为 ps 的结果,RSS 那部分,是包括共享内存的。这里我用 pmap 来看看。
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