HDU 1023 Train Problem II（卡特兰数+大数问题）

                                                                          Train Problem II

                  Time Limit: 2000/1000 MS (Java/Others)      Memory Limit: 65536/32768 K (Java/Others)

Problem Description

As we all know the Train Problem I, the boss of the Ignatius Train Station want to know if all the trains come in strict-increasing order, how many orders that all the trains can get out of the railway.

Input

The input contains several test cases. Each test cases consists of a number N(1<=N<=100). The input is terminated by the end of file.

Output

For each test case, you should output how many ways that all the trains can get out of the railway.

Sample Input

1

2

3

5

Sample Output

1

2

5

16796

题解：卡特兰数＋大数处理。假设正在处理第k辆火车，在此之前有k-1辆过车出入，在此之后有n-k辆火车出入，所以是卡特兰数，类似于出入栈的问题。但是n最大为100，需要使用大数，可以套用大数模板来求卡特兰数。

代码如下

#include <iostream>   //卡特兰数+大数处理
#include <queue>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>

using namespace std;

int n;
int catalen[101][101];

void gra()
{
    catalen[0][0]=1;
    catalen[0][1]=1;
    catalen[1][0]=1;
    catalen[1][1]=1;
    int len=1, yu=0;
    for(int i=2;i<=100;i++){
        for(int j=1;j<=len;j++){                     //大数的乘法
            catalen[i][j]=catalen[i-1][j]*(4*i-2)+yu;
            yu=catalen[i][j]/10;
            catalen[i][j]%=10;
        }
        while(yu){
            catalen[i][++len]=yu%10;
            yu/=10;
        }
        for(int j=len;j>=0;j--){         //大数的除法
            int temp=catalen[i][j]+yu*10;
            catalen[i][j]=temp/(i+1);
            yu=temp%(i+1);
        }
        while(catalen[i][len]==0){        //高位零处理
            len--;
        }
        catalen[i][0]=len;
    }
}

int main()
{
    memset(catalen, 0, sizeof(catalen));
    gra();
    while(~scanf("%d", &n)){
        for(int i=catalen[n][0];i>0;i--){
            printf("%d", catalen[n][i]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

前100个卡特兰数（备用）

string catalan[]=

{

    "1",

    "2",

    "5",

    "14",

    "42",

    "132",

    "429",

    "1430",

    "4862",

    "16796",

    "58786",

    "208012",

    "742900",

    "2674440",

    "9694845",

    "35357670",

    "129644790",

    "477638700",

    "1767263190",

    "6564120420",

    "24466267020",

    "91482563640",

    "343059613650",

    "1289904147324",

    "4861946401452",

    "18367353072152",

    "69533550916004",

    "263747951750360",

    "1002242216651368",

    "3814986502092304",

    "14544636039226909",

    "55534064877048198",

    "212336130412243110",

    "812944042149730764",

    "3116285494907301262",

    "11959798385860453492",

    "45950804324621742364",

    "176733862787006701400",

    "680425371729975800390",

    "2622127042276492108820",

    "10113918591637898134020",

    "39044429911904443959240",

    "150853479205085351660700",

    "583300119592996693088040",

    "2257117854077248073253720",

    "8740328711533173390046320",

    "33868773757191046886429490",

    "131327898242169365477991900",

    "509552245179617138054608572",

    "1978261657756160653623774456",

    "7684785670514316385230816156",

    "29869166945772625950142417512",

    "116157871455782434250553845880",

    "451959718027953471447609509424",

    "1759414616608818870992479875972",

    "6852456927844873497549658464312",

    "26700952856774851904245220912664",

    "104088460289122304033498318812080",

    "405944995127576985730643443367112",

    "1583850964596120042686772779038896",

    "6182127958584855650487080847216336",

    "24139737743045626825711458546273312",

    "94295850558771979787935384946380125",

    "368479169875816659479009042713546950",

    "1440418573150919668872489894243865350",

    "5632681584560312734993915705849145100",

    "22033725021956517463358552614056949950",

    "86218923998960285726185640663701108500",

    "337485502510215975556783793455058624700",

    "1321422108420282270489942177190229544600",

    "5175569924646105559418940193995065716350",

    "20276890389709399862928998568254641025700",

    "79463489365077377841208237632349268884500",

    "311496878311103321137536291518809134027240",

    "1221395654430378811828760722007962130791020",

    "4790408930363303911328386208394864461024520",

    "18793142726809884575211361279087545193250040",

    "73745243611532458459690151854647329239335600",

    "289450081175264899454283846029490767264392230",

    "1136359577947336271931632877004667456667613940",

    "4462290049988320482463241297506133183499654740",

    "17526585015616776834735140517915655636396234280",

    "68854441132780194707888052034668647142985206100",

    "270557451039395118028642463289168566420671280440",

    "1063353702922273835973036658043476458723103404520",

    "4180080073556524734514695828170907458428751314320",

    "16435314834665426797069144960762886143367590394940",

    "64633260585762914370496637486146181462681535261000",

    "254224158304000796523953440778841647086547372026600",

    "1000134600800354781929399250536541864362461089950800",

    "3935312233584004685417853572763349509774031680023800",

    "15487357822491889407128326963778343232013931127835600",

    "60960876535340415751462563580829648891969728907438000",

    "239993345518077005168915776623476723006280827488229600",

    "944973797977428207852605870454939596837230758234904050",

    "3721443204405954385563870541379246659709506697378694300",

    "14657929356129575437016877846657032761712954950899755100",

    "57743358069601357782187700608042856334020731624756611000",

    "227508830794229349661819540395688853956041682601541047340",

    "896519947090131496687170070074100632420837521538745909320"

};