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内核源码:Linux -2.6.38.8.tar.bz2
目标平台:ARM体系结构
进程是处于执行期的程序以及它所管理的资源(如打开的文件、挂起的信号、进程状态、地址空间等等)的总称。注意,程序并不是进程,实际上两个或多个进程不仅有可能执行同一程序,而且还有可能共享地址空间等资源。
Linux内核通过一个被称为进程描述符的task_struct结构体来管理进程,这个结构体包含了一个进程所需的所有信息。它定义在linux-2.6.38.8/include/linux/sched.h文件中。
本文将尽力就task_struct结构体所有成员的用法进行简要说明。
1、进程状态
volatile long state; int exit_state;
volatile long state;
int exit_state;
state成员的可能取值如下:
#define TASK_RUNNING 0 #define TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 1 #define TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE 2 #define __TASK_STOPPED 4 #define __TASK_TRACED 8 #define EXIT_ZOMBIE 16 #define EXIT_DEAD 32 #define TASK_DEAD 64 #define TASK_WAKEKILL 128 #define TASK_WAKING 256
#define TASK_RUNNING 0
#define TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 1
#define TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE 2
#define __TASK_STOPPED 4
#define __TASK_TRACED 8
/* in tsk->exit_state */
#define EXIT_ZOMBIE 16
#define EXIT_DEAD 32
/* in tsk->state again */
#define TASK_DEAD 64
#define TASK_WAKEKILL 128
#define TASK_WAKING 256
系统中的每个进程都必然处于以上所列进程状态中的一种。
TASK_RUNNING表示进程要么正在执行,要么正要准备执行。
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE表示进程被阻塞(睡眠),直到某个条件变为真。条件一旦达成,进程的状态就被设置为TASK_RUNNING。
TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE的意义与TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE类似,除了不能通过接受一个信号来唤醒以外。
__TASK_STOPPED表示进程被停止执行。
__TASK_TRACED表示进程被debugger等进程监视。
EXIT_ZOMBIE表示进程的执行被终止,但是其父进程还没有使用wait()等系统调用来获知它的终止信息。
EXIT_DEAD表示进程的最终状态。
EXIT_ZOMBIE和EXIT_DEAD也可以存放在exit_state成员中。进程状态的切换过程和原因大致如下图(图片来自《Linux Kernel Development》):
2、进程标识符(PID)
pid_t pid;
pid_t tgid;
在CONFIG_BASE_SMALL配置为0的情况下,PID的取值范围是0到32767,即系统中的进程数最大为32768个。
#define PID_MAX_DEFAULT (CONFIG_BASE_SMALL ? 0x1000 : 0x8000)
/* linux-2.6.38.8/include/linux/threads.h */
#define PID_MAX_DEFAULT (CONFIG_BASE_SMALL ? 0x1000 : 0x8000)
在Linux系统中,一个线程组中的所有线程使用和该线程组的领头线程(该组中的第一个轻量级进程)相同的PID,并被存放在tgid成员中。只有线程组的领头线程的pid成员才会被设置为与tgid相同的值。注意,getpid()系统调用返回的是当前进程的tgid值而不是pid值。
3、进程内核栈
void *stack;
进程通过alloc_thread_info函数分配它的内核栈,通过free_thread_info函数释放所分配的内核栈。
static inline struct thread_info *alloc_thread_info(struct task_struct *tsk) { #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_STACK_USAGE gfp_t mask = GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_ZERO; #else gfp_t mask = GFP_KERNEL; #endif return (struct thread_info *)__get_free_pages(mask, THREAD_SIZE_ORDER); } static inline void free_thread_info(struct thread_info *ti) { free_pages((unsigned long)ti, THREAD_SIZE_ORDER); }
/* linux-2.6.38.8/kernel/fork.c */
static inline struct thread_info *alloc_thread_info(struct task_struct *tsk)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_STACK_USAGE
gfp_t mask = GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_ZERO;
#else
gfp_t mask = GFP_KERNEL;
#endif
return (struct thread_info *)__get_free_pages(mask, THREAD_SIZE_ORDER);
}
static inline void free_thread_info(struct thread_info *ti)
{
free_pages((unsigned long)ti, THREAD_SIZE_ORDER);
}
其中,THREAD_SIZE_ORDER宏在linux-2.6.38.8/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h文件中被定义为1,也就是说alloc_thread_info函数通过调用__get_free_pages函数分配2个页的内存(它的首地址是8192字节对齐的)。
Linux内核通过thread_union联合体来表示进程的内核栈,其中THREAD_SIZE宏的大小为8192。
union thread_union { struct thread_info thread_info; unsigned long stack[THREAD_SIZE/sizeof(long)]; };
union thread_union {
struct thread_info thread_info;
unsigned long stack[THREAD_SIZE/sizeof(long)];
};
当进程从用户态切换到内核态时,进程的内核栈总是空的,所以ARM的sp寄存器指向这个栈的顶端。因此,内核能够轻易地通过sp寄存器获得当前正在CPU上运行的进程。
static inline struct task_struct *get_current(void) { return current_thread_info()->task; } #define current (get_current()) static inline struct thread_info *current_thread_info(void) { register unsigned long sp asm ("sp"); return (struct thread_info *)(sp & ~(THREAD_SIZE - 1)); }
/* linux-2.6.38.8/arch/arm/include/asm/current.h */
static inline struct task_struct *get_current(void)
{
return current_thread_info()->task;
}
#define current (get_current())
/* linux-2.6.38.8/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h */ static inline struct thread_info *current_thread_info(void) { register unsigned long sp asm (“sp”); return (struct thread_info *)(sp & ~(THREAD_SIZE - 1)); }
进程内核栈与进程描述符的关系如下图:
4、标记
unsigned int flags; /* per process flags, defined below */
flags成员的可能取值如下:
#define PF_KSOFTIRQD 0x00000001 /* I am ksoftirqd */ #define PF_STARTING 0x00000002 /* being created */ #define PF_EXITING 0x00000004 /* getting shut down */ #define PF_EXITPIDONE 0x00000008 /* pi exit done on shut down */ #define PF_VCPU 0x00000010 /* I'm a virtual CPU */ #define PF_WQ_WORKER 0x00000020 /* I'm a workqueue worker */ #define PF_FORKNOEXEC 0x00000040 /* forked but didn't exec */ #define PF_MCE_PROCESS 0x00000080 /* process policy on mce errors */ #define PF_SUPERPRIV 0x00000100 /* used super-user privileges */ #define PF_DUMPCORE 0x00000200 /* dumped core */ #define PF_SIGNALED 0x00000400 /* killed by a signal */ #define PF_MEMALLOC 0x00000800 /* Allocating memory */ #define PF_USED_MATH 0x00002000 /* if unset the fpu must be initialized before use */ #define PF_FREEZING 0x00004000 /* freeze in progress. do not account to load */ #define PF_NOFREEZE 0x00008000 /* this thread should not be frozen */ #define PF_FROZEN 0x00010000 /* frozen for system suspend */ #define PF_FSTRANS 0x00020000 /* inside a filesystem transaction */ #define PF_KSWAPD 0x00040000 /* I am kswapd */ #define PF_OOM_ORIGIN 0x00080000 /* Allocating much memory to others */ #define PF_LESS_THROTTLE 0x00100000 /* Throttle me less: I clean memory */ #define PF_KTHREAD 0x00200000 /* I am a kernel thread */ #define PF_RANDOMIZE 0x00400000 /* randomize virtual address space */ #define PF_SWAPWRITE 0x00800000 /* Allowed to write to swap */ #define PF_SPREAD_PAGE 0x01000000 /* Spread page cache over cpuset */ #define PF_SPREAD_SLAB 0x02000000 /* Spread some slab caches over cpuset */ #define PF_THREAD_BOUND 0x04000000 /* Thread bound to specific cpu */ #define PF_MCE_EARLY 0x08000000 /* Early kill for mce process policy */ #define PF_MEMPOLICY 0x10000000 /* Non-default NUMA mempolicy */ #define PF_MUTEX_TESTER 0x20000000 /* Thread belongs to the rt mutex tester */ #define PF_FREEZER_SKIP 0x40000000 /* Freezer should not count it as freezable */ #define PF_FREEZER_NOSIG 0x80000000 /* Freezer won't send signals to it */
#define PF_KSOFTIRQD 0x00000001 /* I am ksoftirqd */
#define PF_STARTING 0x00000002 /* being created */
#define PF_EXITING 0x00000004 /* getting shut down */
#define PF_EXITPIDONE 0x00000008 /* pi exit done on shut down */
#define PF_VCPU 0x00000010 /* I'm a virtual CPU */
#define PF_WQ_WORKER 0x00000020 /* I'm a workqueue worker */
#define PF_FORKNOEXEC 0x00000040 /* forked but didn't exec */
#define PF_MCE_PROCESS 0x00000080 /* process policy on mce errors */
#define PF_SUPERPRIV 0x00000100 /* used super-user privileges */
#define PF_DUMPCORE 0x00000200 /* dumped core */
#define PF_SIGNALED 0x00000400 /* killed by a signal */
#define PF_MEMALLOC 0x00000800 /* Allocating memory */
#define PF_USED_MATH 0x00002000 /* if unset the fpu must be initialized before use */
#define PF_FREEZING 0x00004000 /* freeze in progress. do not account to load */
#define PF_NOFREEZE 0x00008000 /* this thread should not be frozen */
#define PF_FROZEN 0x00010000 /* frozen for system suspend */
#define PF_FSTRANS 0x00020000 /* inside a filesystem transaction */
#define PF_KSWAPD 0x00040000 /* I am kswapd */
#define PF_OOM_ORIGIN 0x00080000 /* Allocating much memory to others */
#define PF_LESS_THROTTLE 0x00100000 /* Throttle me less: I clean memory */
#define PF_KTHREAD 0x00200000 /* I am a kernel thread */
#define PF_RANDOMIZE 0x00400000 /* randomize virtual address space */
#define PF_SWAPWRITE 0x00800000 /* Allowed to write to swap */
#define PF_SPREAD_PAGE 0x01000000 /* Spread page cache over cpuset */
#define PF_SPREAD_SLAB 0x02000000 /* Spread some slab caches over cpuset */
#define PF_THREAD_BOUND 0x04000000 /* Thread bound to specific cpu */
#define PF_MCE_EARLY 0x08000000 /* Early kill for mce process policy */
#define PF_MEMPOLICY 0x10000000 /* Non-default NUMA mempolicy */
#define PF_MUTEX_TESTER 0x20000000 /* Thread belongs to the rt mutex tester */
#define PF_FREEZER_SKIP 0x40000000 /* Freezer should not count it as freezable */
#define PF_FREEZER_NOSIG 0x80000000 /* Freezer won't send signals to it */
5、表示进程亲属关系的成员
struct task_struct *real_parent; struct task_struct *parent; struct list_head children; struct list_head sibling; struct task_struct *group_leader;
struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process */
struct task_struct *parent; /* recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports */
struct list_head children; /* list of my children */
struct list_head sibling; /* linkage in my parent's children list */
struct task_struct *group_leader; /* threadgroup leader */
在Linux系统中,所有进程之间都有着直接或间接地联系,每个进程都有其父进程,也可能有零个或多个子进程。拥有同一父进程的所有进程具有兄弟关系。
real_parent指向其父进程,如果创建它的父进程不再存在,则指向PID为1的init进程。
parent指向其父进程,当它终止时,必须向它的父进程发送信号。它的值通常与real_parent相同。
children表示链表的头部,链表中的所有元素都是它的子进程。
sibling用于把当前进程插入到兄弟链表中。
group_leader指向其所在进程组的领头进程。
6、ptrace系统调用
unsigned int ptrace; struct list_head ptraced; struct list_head ptrace_entry; unsigned long ptrace_message; siginfo_t *last_siginfo; ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT atomic_t ptrace_bp_refcnt; endif
unsigned int ptrace;
struct list_head ptraced;
struct list_head ptrace_entry;
unsigned long ptrace_message;
siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use. */
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT
atomic_t ptrace_bp_refcnt;
#endif
成员ptrace被设置为0时表示不需要被跟踪,它的可能取值如下:
#define PT_PTRACED 0x00000001 #define PT_DTRACE 0x00000002 /* delayed trace (used on m68k, i386) */ #define PT_TRACESYSGOOD 0x00000004 #define PT_PTRACE_CAP 0x00000008 /* ptracer can follow suid-exec */ #define PT_TRACE_FORK 0x00000010 #define PT_TRACE_VFORK 0x00000020 #define PT_TRACE_CLONE 0x00000040 #define PT_TRACE_EXEC 0x00000080 #define PT_TRACE_VFORK_DONE 0x00000100 #define PT_TRACE_EXIT 0x00000200
/* linux-2.6.38.8/include/linux/ptrace.h */
#define PT_PTRACED 0x00000001
#define PT_DTRACE 0x00000002 /* delayed trace (used on m68k, i386) */
#define PT_TRACESYSGOOD 0x00000004
#define PT_PTRACE_CAP 0x00000008 /* ptracer can follow suid-exec */
#define PT_TRACE_FORK 0x00000010
#define PT_TRACE_VFORK 0x00000020
#define PT_TRACE_CLONE 0x00000040
#define PT_TRACE_EXEC 0x00000080
#define PT_TRACE_VFORK_DONE 0x00000100
#define PT_TRACE_EXIT 0x00000200
7、Performance Event
#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS struct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp[perf_nr_task_contexts]; struct mutex perf_event_mutex; struct list_head perf_event_list; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS
struct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp[perf_nr_task_contexts];
struct mutex perf_event_mutex;
struct list_head perf_event_list;
#endif
Performance Event是一款随 Linux 内核代码一同发布和维护的性能诊断工具。这些成员用于帮助PerformanceEvent分析进程的性能问题。
关于Performance Event工具的介绍可参考文章http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-perf1/index.html?ca=drs-#major1 和http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-perf2/index.html?ca=drs-#major1 。
8、进程调度
int prio, static_prio, normal_prio; unsigned int rt_priority; const struct sched_class *sched_class; struct sched_entity se; struct sched_rt_entity rt; unsigned int policy; cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
int prio, static_prio, normal_prio;
unsigned int rt_priority;
const struct sched_class *sched_class;
struct sched_entity se;
struct sched_rt_entity rt;
unsigned int policy;
cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
实时优先级范围是0到MAX_RT_PRIO-1(即99),而普通进程的静态优先级范围是从MAX_RT_PRIO到MAX_PRIO-1(即100到139)。值越大静态优先级越低。
#define MAX_USER_RT_PRIO 100 #define MAX_RT_PRIO MAX_USER_RT_PRIO #define MAX_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 40) #define DEFAULT_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 20)
/* linux-2.6.38.8/include/linux/sched.h */
#define MAX_USER_RT_PRIO 100
#define MAX_RT_PRIO MAX_USER_RT_PRIO
#define MAX_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 40) #define DEFAULT_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 20)
static_prio用于保存静态优先级,可以通过nice系统调用来进行修改。
rt_priority用于保存实时优先级。
normal_prio的值取决于静态优先级和调度策略。
prio用于保存动态优先级。
policy表示进程的调度策略,目前主要有以下五种:
#define SCHED_NORMAL 0 #define SCHED_FIFO 1 #define SCHED_RR 2 #define SCHED_BATCH 3 #define SCHED_IDLE 5
#define SCHED_NORMAL 0
#define SCHED_FIFO 1
#define SCHED_RR 2
#define SCHED_BATCH 3
/* SCHED_ISO: reserved but not implemented yet */
#define SCHED_IDLE 5
SCHED_NORMAL用于普通进程,通过CFS调度器实现。SCHED_BATCH用于非交互的处理器消耗型进程。SCHED_IDLE是在系统负载很低时使用。
SCHED_FIFO(先入先出调度算法 )和SCHED_RR(轮流调度算法)都是实时调度策略。
sched_class结构体表示调度类,目前内核中有实现以下四种:
static const struct sched_class fair_sched_class; static const struct sched_class rt_sched_class; static const struct sched_class idle_sched_class; static const struct sched_class stop_sched_class;
/* linux-2.6.38.8/kernel/sched_fair.c */
static const struct sched_class fair_sched_class;
/* linux-2.6.38.8/kernel/sched_rt.c */
static const struct sched_class rt_sched_class;
/* linux-2.6.38.8/kernel/sched_idletask.c */
static const struct sched_class idle_sched_class;
/* linux-2.6.38.8/kernel/sched_stoptask.c */
static const struct sched_class stop_sched_class;
se和rt都是调用实体,一个用于普通进程,一个用于实时进程,每个进程都有其中之一的实体。
cpus_allowed用于控制进程可以在哪里处理器上运行。
9、进程地址空间
struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm; #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK unsigned brk_randomized:1; #endif #if defined(SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING) struct task_rss_stat rss_stat; #endif
struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK
unsigned brk_randomized:1;
#endif
#if defined(SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING)
struct task_rss_stat rss_stat;
#endif
mm指向进程所拥有的内存描述符,而active_mm指向进程运行时所使用的内存描述符。对于普通进程而言,这两个指针变量的值相同。但是,内核线程不拥有任何内存描述符,所以它们的mm成员总是为NULL。当内核线程得以运行时,它的active_mm成员被初始化为前一个运行进程的active_mm值。
brk_randomized的用法在http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/Linux /kernel/1104.1/00196.html上有介绍,用来确定对随机堆内存的探测。
rss_stat用来记录缓冲信息。
10、判断标志
int exit_code, exit_signal; int pdeath_signal; unsigned int personality; unsigned did_exec:1; unsigned in_execve:1; unsigned in_iowait:1; unsigned sched_reset_on_fork:1;
int exit_code, exit_signal;
int pdeath_signal; /* The signal sent when the parent dies */
/* ??? */
unsigned int personality;
unsigned did_exec:1;
unsigned in_execve:1; /* Tell the LSMs that the process is doing an
* execve */
unsigned in_iowait:1;
/* Revert to default priority/policy when forking */
unsigned sched_reset_on_fork:1;</pre>
exit_code用于设置进程的终止代号,这个值要么是_exit()或exit_group()系统调用参数(正常终止),要么是由内核提供的一个错误代号(异常终止)。
exit_signal被置为-1时表示是某个线程组中的一员。只有当线程组的最后一个成员终止时,才会产生一个信号,以通知线程组的领头进程的父进程。
pdeath_signal用于判断父进程终止时发送信号。
personality用于处理不同的ABI,它的可能取值如下:
enum { PER_LINUX = 0x0000, PER_LINUX_32BIT = 0x0000 | ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT, PER_LINUX_FDPIC = 0x0000 | FDPIC_FUNCPTRS, PER_SVR4 = 0x0001 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO, PER_SVR3 = 0x0002 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE, PER_SCOSVR3 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | WHOLE_SECONDS | SHORT_INODE, PER_OSR5 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | WHOLE_SECONDS, PER_WYSEV386 = 0x0004 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE, PER_ISCR4 = 0x0005 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS, PER_BSD = 0x0006, PER_SUNOS = 0x0006 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS, PER_XENIX = 0x0007 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE, PER_LINUX32 = 0x0008, PER_LINUX32_3GB = 0x0008 | ADDR_LIMIT_3GB, PER_IRIX32 = 0x0009 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS, PER_IRIXN32 = 0x000a | STICKY_TIMEOUTS, PER_IRIX64 = 0x000b | STICKY_TIMEOUTS, PER_RISCOS = 0x000c, PER_SOLARIS = 0x000d | STICKY_TIMEOUTS, PER_UW7 = 0x000e | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO, PER_OSF4 = 0x000f, PER_HPUX = 0x0010, PER_MASK = 0x00ff, };
enum {
PER_LINUX = 0x0000,
PER_LINUX_32BIT = 0x0000 | ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT,
PER_LINUX_FDPIC = 0x0000 | FDPIC_FUNCPTRS,
PER_SVR4 = 0x0001 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
PER_SVR3 = 0x0002 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_SCOSVR3 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS |
WHOLE_SECONDS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_OSR5 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | WHOLE_SECONDS,
PER_WYSEV386 = 0x0004 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_ISCR4 = 0x0005 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_BSD = 0x0006,
PER_SUNOS = 0x0006 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_XENIX = 0x0007 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_LINUX32 = 0x0008,
PER_LINUX32_3GB = 0x0008 | ADDR_LIMIT_3GB,
PER_IRIX32 = 0x0009 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX5 32-bit */
PER_IRIXN32 = 0x000a | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX6 new 32-bit */
PER_IRIX64 = 0x000b | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX6 64-bit */
PER_RISCOS = 0x000c,
PER_SOLARIS = 0x000d | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_UW7 = 0x000e | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
PER_OSF4 = 0x000f, /* OSF/1 v4 */
PER_HPUX = 0x0010,
PER_MASK = 0x00ff,
};
did_exec用于记录进程代码是否被execve()函数所执行。
in_execve用于通知LSM是否被do_execve()函数所调用。详见补丁说明:http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0901.1/00014.html 。
in_iowait用于判断是否进行iowait计数。
sched_reset_on_fork用于判断是否恢复默认的优先级或调度策略。
11、时间
cputime_t utime, stime, utimescaled, stimescaled; cputime_t gtime; #ifndef CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING cputime_t prev_utime, prev_stime; #endif unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; struct timespec start_time; struct timespec real_start_time; struct task_cputime cputime_expires; struct list_head cpu_timers[3]; #ifdef CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK unsigned long last_switch_count; #endif
cputime_t utime, stime, utimescaled, stimescaled;
cputime_t gtime;
#ifndef CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING
cputime_t prev_utime, prev_stime;
#endif
unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */
struct timespec start_time; /* monotonic time */
struct timespec real_start_time; /* boot based time */
struct task_cputime cputime_expires;
struct list_head cpu_timers[3];
#ifdef CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK
/* hung task detection */
unsigned long last_switch_count;
#endif
utime/stime用于记录进程在用户态/内核态下所经过的节拍数(定时器)。prev_utime/prev_stime是先前的运行时间,请参考补丁说明http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1003.3/02431.html 。
utimescaled/stimescaled也是用于记录进程在用户态/内核态的运行时间,但它们以处理器的频率为刻度。
gtime是以节拍计数的虚拟机运行时间(guest time)。
nvcsw/nivcsw是自愿(voluntary)/非自愿(involuntary)上下文切换计数。last_switch_count是nvcsw和nivcsw的总和。
start_time和real_start_time都是进程创建时间,real_start_time还包含了进程睡眠时间,常用于/proc/pid/stat,补丁说明请参考http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0705.0/2094.html 。
cputime_expires用来统计进程或进程组被跟踪的处理器时间,其中的三个成员对应着cpu_timers[3]的三个链表。
12、信号处理
struct signal_struct *signal; struct sighand_struct *sighand; sigset_t blocked, real_blocked; sigset_t saved_sigmask; struct sigpending pending; unsigned long sas_ss_sp; size_t sas_ss_size; int (*notifier)(void *priv); void *notifier_data; sigset_t *notifier_mask;
/* signal handlers */
struct signal_struct *signal;
struct sighand_struct *sighand;
sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;
sigset_t saved_sigmask; /* restored if set_restore_sigmask() was used */
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
int (*notifier)(void *priv);
void *notifier_data;
sigset_t *notifier_mask;</pre>
signal指向进程的信号描述符。
sighand指向进程的信号处理程序描述符。
blocked表示被阻塞信号的掩码,real_blocked表示临时掩码。
pending存放私有挂起信号的数据结构 。
sas_ss_sp是信号处理程序备用堆栈的地址,sas_ss_size表示堆栈的大小。
设备驱动程序常用notifier指向的函数来阻塞进程的某些信号(notifier_mask是这些信号的位掩码),notifier_data指的是notifier所指向的函数可能使用的数据。
13、其他
(1)、用于保护资源分配或释放的自旋锁
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings, mems_allowed,
* mempolicy */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
(2)、进程描述符使用计数,被置为2时,表示进程描述符正在被使用而且其相应的进程处于活动状态。
atomic_t usage;
(3)、用于表示获取大内核锁的次数,如果进程未获得过锁,则置为-1。
int lock_depth; /* BKL lock depth */
(4)、在SMP上帮助实现无加锁的进程切换(unlocked context switches)
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP #ifdef __ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW int oncpu; #endif #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW
int oncpu;
#endif
#endif
(5)、preempt_notifier结构体链表
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_NOTIFIERS struct hlist_head preempt_notifiers; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_NOTIFIERS
/* list of struct preempt_notifier: */
struct hlist_head preempt_notifiers;
#endif
(6)、FPU使用计数
unsigned char fpu_counter;
unsigned char fpu_counter;
(7)、blktrace是一个针对Linux内核中块设备I/O层的跟踪工具。
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE unsigned int btrace_seq; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE
unsigned int btrace_seq;
#endif
(8)、RCU同步原语
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU int rcu_read_lock_nesting; char rcu_read_unlock_special; struct list_head rcu_node_entry; #endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU */ #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node; #endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU */ #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_BOOST struct rt_mutex *rcu_boost_mutex; #endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_BOOST */
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU
int rcu_read_lock_nesting;
char rcu_read_unlock_special;
struct list_head rcu_node_entry;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU */
#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU */
#ifdef CONFIG_RCU_BOOST
struct rt_mutex *rcu_boost_mutex;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_BOOST */
(9)、用于调度器统计进程的运行信息
#if defined(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) || defined(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT) struct sched_info sched_info; #endif
#if defined(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) || defined(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT)
struct sched_info sched_info;
#endif
(10)、用于构建进程链表
struct list_head tasks;
(11)、to limit pushing to one attempt
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP struct plist_node pushable_tasks; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
struct plist_node pushable_tasks;
#endif
补丁说明请参考:http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0808.3/0503.html
(12)、防止内核堆栈溢出
#ifdef CONFIG_CC_STACKPROTECTOR unsigned long stack_canary; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CC_STACKPROTECTOR
/* Canary value for the -fstack-protector gcc feature */
unsigned long stack_canary;
#endif
在GCC编译内核时,需要加上-fstack-protector选项。
(13)、PID散列表和链表
struct pid_link pids[PIDTYPE_MAX]; struct list_head thread_group;
/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
struct pid_link pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];
struct list_head thread_group; //线程组中所有进程的链表
(14)、do_fork函数
struct completion *vfork_done; int __user *set_child_tid; int __user *clear_child_tid;
struct completion *vfork_done; /* for vfork() */
int __user *set_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */
int __user *clear_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */
在执行do_fork()时,如果给定特别标志,则vfork_done会指向一个特殊地址。
如果copy_process函数的clone_flags参数的值被置为CLONE_CHILD_SETTID或CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID,则会把child_tidptr参数的值分别复制到set_child_tid和clear_child_tid成员。这些标志说明必须改变子进程用户态地址空间的child_tidptr所指向的变量的值。
(15)、缺页统计
unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;
(16)、进程权能
const struct cred __rcu *real_cred; const struct cred __rcu *cred; struct cred *replacement_session_keyring;
const struct cred __rcu *real_cred; /* objective and real subjective task
* credentials (COW) */
const struct cred __rcu *cred; /* effective (overridable) subjective task
* credentials (COW) */
struct cred *replacement_session_keyring; /* for KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT */
(17)、相应的程序名
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
(18)、文件
int link_count, total_link_count; struct fs_struct *fs; struct files_struct *files;
/* file system info */
int link_count, total_link_count;
/* filesystem information */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
struct files_struct *files;
fs用来表示进程与文件系统的联系,包括当前目录和根目录。
files表示进程当前打开的文件。
(19)、进程通信(SYSVIPC)
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC struct sysv_sem sysvsem; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC
/* ipc stuff */
struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
#endif
(20)、处理器特有数据
struct thread_struct thread;
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct thread_struct thread;
(21)、命名空间
/* namespaces */
struct nsproxy *nsproxy;
(22)、进程审计
struct audit_context *audit_context; #ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL uid_t loginuid; unsigned int sessionid; #endif
struct audit_context *audit_context;
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
uid_t loginuid;
unsigned int sessionid;
#endif
(23)、secure computing
seccomp_t seccomp;
(24)、用于copy_process函数使用CLONE_PARENT 标记时
u32 parent_exec_id; u32 self_exec_id;
/* Thread group tracking */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
(25)、中断
#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_HARDIRQS struct irqaction *irqaction; #endif #ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS unsigned int irq_events; unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip; unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip; unsigned int hardirq_enable_event; unsigned int hardirq_disable_event; int hardirqs_enabled; int hardirq_context; unsigned long softirq_disable_ip; unsigned long softirq_enable_ip; unsigned int softirq_disable_event; unsigned int softirq_enable_event; int softirqs_enabled; int softirq_context; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_HARDIRQS
/* IRQ handler threads */
struct irqaction *irqaction;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
unsigned int irq_events;
unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip;
unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip;
unsigned int hardirq_enable_event;
unsigned int hardirq_disable_event;
int hardirqs_enabled;
int hardirq_context;
unsigned long softirq_disable_ip;
unsigned long softirq_enable_ip;
unsigned int softirq_disable_event;
unsigned int softirq_enable_event;
int softirqs_enabled;
int softirq_context;
#endif
(26)、task_rq_lock函数所使用的锁
/* Protection of the PI data structures: */
raw_spinlock_t pi_lock;
(27)、基于PI协议的等待互斥锁,其中PI指的是priority inheritance(优先级继承)
#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES struct plist_head pi_waiters; struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES
/* PI waiters blocked on a rt_mutex held by this task */
struct plist_head pi_waiters;
/* Deadlock detection and priority inheritance handling */
struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on;
#endif
(28)、死锁检测
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
/* mutex deadlock detection */
struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on;
#endif
(29)、lockdep,参见内核说明文档linux-2.6.38.8/Documentation/lockdep-design.txt
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP # define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 48UL u64 curr_chain_key; int lockdep_depth; unsigned int lockdep_recursion; struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH]; gfp_t lockdep_reclaim_gfp; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
# define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 48UL
u64 curr_chain_key;
int lockdep_depth;
unsigned int lockdep_recursion;
struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH];
gfp_t lockdep_reclaim_gfp;
#endif
(30)、JFS文件系统
/* journalling filesystem info */
void *journal_info;
(31)、块设备链表
struct bio_list *bio_list;
/* stacked block device info */
struct bio_list *bio_list;
(32)、内存回收
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
(33)、存放块设备I/O数据流量信息
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
(34)、I/O调度器所使用的信息
struct io_context *io_context;
struct io_context *io_context;
(35)、记录进程的I/O计数
struct task_io_accounting ioac; if defined(CONFIG_TASK_XACCT) u64 acct_rss_mem1; u64 acct_vm_mem1; cputime_t acct_timexpd; endif
struct task_io_accounting ioac;
#if defined(CONFIG_TASK_XACCT)
u64 acct_rss_mem1; /* accumulated rss usage */
u64 acct_vm_mem1; /* accumulated virtual memory usage */
cputime_t acct_timexpd; /* stime + utime since last update */
#endif
在Ubuntu 11.04上,执行cat获得进程1的I/O计数如下:
$ sudo cat /proc/1/io
rchar: 164258906 wchar: 455212837 syscr: 388847 syscw: 92563 read_bytes: 439251968 write_bytes: 14143488 cancelled_write_bytes: 2134016
rchar: 164258906
wchar: 455212837
syscr: 388847
syscw: 92563
read_bytes: 439251968
write_bytes: 14143488
cancelled_write_bytes: 2134016
输出的数据项刚好是task_io_accounting结构体的所有成员。
(36)、CPUSET功能
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS nodemask_t mems_allowed; int mems_allowed_change_disable; int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor; int cpuset_slab_spread_rotor; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS
nodemask_t mems_allowed; /* Protected by alloc_lock */
int mems_allowed_change_disable;
int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor;
int cpuset_slab_spread_rotor;
#endif
(37)、Control Groups
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS struct css_set __rcu *cgroups; struct list_head cg_list; #endif #ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR /* memcg uses this to do batch job */ struct memcg_batch_info { int do_batch; struct mem_cgroup *memcg; unsigned long bytes; unsigned long memsw_bytes; } memcg_batch; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
/* Control Group info protected by css_set_lock */
struct css_set __rcu *cgroups;
/* cg_list protected by css_set_lock and tsk->alloc_lock */
struct list_head cg_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR /* memcg uses this to do batch job */
struct memcg_batch_info {
int do_batch; /* incremented when batch uncharge started */
struct mem_cgroup *memcg; /* target memcg of uncharge */
unsigned long bytes; /* uncharged usage */
unsigned long memsw_bytes; /* uncharged mem+swap usage */
} memcg_batch;
#endif
(38)、futex同步机制
#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list; #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list; #endif struct list_head pi_state_list; struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX
struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list;
#endif
struct list_head pi_state_list;
struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
#endif
(39)、非一致内存访问(NUMA Non-Uniform Memory Access)
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA struct mempolicy *mempolicy; short il_next; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
struct mempolicy *mempolicy; /* Protected by alloc_lock */
short il_next;
#endif
(40)、文件系统互斥资源
atomic_t fs_excl; /* holding fs exclusive resources */
(41)、RCU链表
struct rcu_head rcu;
(42)、管道
struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
(43)、延迟计数
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT struct task_delay_info *delays; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT
struct task_delay_info *delays;
#endif
(44)、fault injection,参考内核说明文件linux-2.6.38.8/Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt
#ifdef CONFIG_FAULT_INJECTION int make_it_fail; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FAULT_INJECTION
int make_it_fail;
#endif
(45)、FLoating proportions
struct prop_local_single dirties;
struct prop_local_single dirties;
(46)、Infrastructure for displayinglatency
#ifdef CONFIG_LATENCYTOP int latency_record_count; struct latency_record latency_record[LT_SAVECOUNT]; #endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LATENCYTOP
int latency_record_count;
struct latency_record latency_record[LT_SAVECOUNT];
#endif
(47)、time slack values,常用于poll和select函数
unsigned long timer_slack_ns; unsigned long default_timer_slack_ns;
unsigned long timer_slack_ns;
unsigned long default_timer_slack_ns;
(48)、socket控制消息(control message)
struct list_head *scm_work_list;
struct list_head *scm_work_list;
(49)、ftrace跟踪器
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER int curr_ret_stack; struct ftrace_ret_stack *ret_stack; unsigned long long ftrace_timestamp; atomic_t trace_overrun; atomic_t tracing_graph_pause; #endif #ifdef CONFIG_TRACING unsigned long trace; unsigned long trace_recursion; #endif /* CONFIG_TRACING */
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