c++学习

c++学习

c++简介

C++ 是一种静态类型的、编译式的、通用的、大小写敏感的、不规则的编程语言，支持过程化编程、面向对象编程和泛型编程。

C++ 被认为是一种中级语言，它综合了高级语言和低级语言的特点。

面向对象程序设计

面向对象开发的四大特征

封装、抽象、继承、多态

标准库

标准的c++由三个重要部分组成

• 核心语言，提供所有构件块，包括变量、数据类型和常量，等等
• c++标准库，提供了大量的函数，用于操作文件、字符串等。
• 标准模版库（STL），提供大量的方法，用于操作数据结构

ANSI标准

ANSI 标准是为了确保 C++ 的便携性 —— 您所编写的代码在 Mac、UNIX、Windows、Alpha 计算机上都能通过编译。

由于 ANSI 标准已稳定使用了很长的时间，所有主要的 C++ 编译器的制造商都支持 ANSI 标准。

macOS系统使用c++

本人使用的电脑

• MacBook Pro (Retina, 15-inch, Mid 2015)
• macOS 12.3 (21E230)

设置c++环境

1. 下载xcode

2. 打开终端输入echo | g++ -v -x c++ -E -

3. 找到/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/include

4. 在访达中按“⇧⌘Ｇ”来调出“前往文件夹”，输入Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/include/c++/v1

5. 新建文件夹，命名为“bits”，进入“bits”，创建TXT文件并修改名称为“stdc++.h”

6. 修改文件内容，粘贴以下代码

   // C++ includes used for precompiling -*- C++ -*-
    
   // Copyright (C) 2003-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   //
   // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
   // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
   // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
   // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
   // any later version.
    
   // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   // GNU General Public License for more details.
    
   // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
   // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
   // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
    
   // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
   // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
   // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
   // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    
   /** @file stdc++.h
    *  This is an implementation file for a precompiled header.
    */
    
   // 17.4.1.2 Headers
    
   // C
   #ifndef _GLIBCXX_NO_ASSERT
   #include <cassert>
   #endif
   #include <cctype>
   #include <cerrno>
   #include <cfloat>
   #include <ciso646>
   #include <climits>
   #include <clocale>
   #include <cmath>
   #include <csetjmp>
   #include <csignal>
   #include <cstdarg>
   #include <cstddef>
   #include <cstdio>
   #include <cstdlib>
   #include <cstring>
   #include <ctime>
    
   #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
   #include <ccomplex>
   #include <cfenv>
   #include <cinttypes>
   #include <cstdbool>
   #include <cstdint>
   #include <ctgmath>
   #include <cwchar>
   #include <cwctype>
   #endif
    
   // C++
   #include <algorithm>
   #include <bitset>
   #include <complex>
   #include <deque>
   #include <exception>
   #include <fstream>
   #include <functional>
   #include <iomanip>
   #include <ios>
   #include <iosfwd>
   #include <iostream>
   #include <istream>
   #include <iterator>
   #include <limits>
   #include <list>
   #include <locale>
   #include <map>
   #include <memory>
   #include <new>
   #include <numeric>
   #include <ostream>
   #include <queue>
   #include <set>
   #include <sstream>
   #include <stack>
   #include <stdexcept>
   #include <streambuf>
   #include <string>
   #include <typeinfo>
   #include <utility>
   #include <valarray>
   #include <vector>
    
   #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
   #include <array>
   #include <atomic>
   #include <chrono>
   #include <condition_variable>
   #include <forward_list>
   #include <future>
   #include <initializer_list>
   #include <mutex>
   #include <random>
   #include <ratio>
   #include <regex>
   #include <scoped_allocator>
   #include <system_error>
   #include <thread>
   #include <tuple>
   #include <typeindex>
   #include <type_traits>
   #include <unordered_map>
   #include <unordered_set>
   #endif