随机梯度下降及神经网络

import numpy as np
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import torch


def himmeblau(x):
    return (x[0] ** 2 + x[1] - 11) ** 2 + (x[0] + x[1] ** 2 - 7) ** 2


x = np.arange(-6, 6, 0.1)
y = np.arange(-6, 6, 0.1)
print('x,y range:', x.shape, y.shape)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
print('X,Y maps:', X.shape, Y.shape)
Z = himmeblau([X, Y])

fig = plt.figure('himmeblau')
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z)
ax.view_init(60, -30)
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
plt.show()

x = torch.tensor([4., 0.], requires_grad=True)
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam([x], lr=1e-3)
for step in range(20000):
    pred = himmeblau(x)
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    pred.backward()
    optimizer.step()
    if step % 2000 == 0:
        print('step{}:x = {},f(x) = {}'.format(step, x.tolist(), pred.item))
import  torch
import  torch.nn as nn
import  torch.nn.functional as F
import  torch.optim as optim
from    torchvision import datasets, transforms


batch_size=200
learning_rate=0.01
epochs=10

train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('../data', train=True, download=True,
                   transform=transforms.Compose([
                       transforms.ToTensor(),
                       transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
                   ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('../data', train=False, transform=transforms.Compose([
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
    ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)



w1, b1 = torch.randn(200, 784, requires_grad=True),\
         torch.zeros(200, requires_grad=True)
w2, b2 = torch.randn(200, 200, requires_grad=True),\
         torch.zeros(200, requires_grad=True)
w3, b3 = torch.randn(10, 200, requires_grad=True),\
         torch.zeros(10, requires_grad=True)

torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w1)
torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w2)
torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w3)


def forward(x):
    x = x@w1.t() + b1
    x = F.relu(x)
    x = x@w2.t() + b2
    x = F.relu(x)
    x = x@w3.t() + b3
    x = F.relu(x)
    return x



optimizer = optim.SGD([w1, b1, w2, b2, w3, b3], lr=learning_rate)
criteon = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

for epoch in range(epochs):

    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data = data.view(-1, 28*28)

        logits = forward(data)
        loss = criteon(logits, target)

        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        # print(w1.grad.norm(), w2.grad.norm())
        optimizer.step()

        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print('Train Epoch: {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(
                epoch, batch_idx * len(data), len(train_loader.dataset),
                       100. * batch_idx / len(train_loader), loss.item()))


    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    for data, target in test_loader:
        data = data.view(-1, 28 * 28)
        logits = forward(data)
        test_loss += criteon(logits, target).item()

        pred = logits.data.max(1)[1]
        correct += pred.eq(target.data).sum()

    test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)
    print('\nTest set: Average loss: {:.4f}, Accuracy: {}/{} ({:.0f}%)\n'.format(
        test_loss, correct, len(test_loader.dataset),
        100. * correct / len(test_loader.dataset)))
import  torch
import  torch.nn as nn
import  torch.nn.functional as F
import  torch.optim as optim
from    torchvision import datasets, transforms


batch_size=200
learning_rate=0.01
epochs=10

train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('../data', train=True, download=True,
                   transform=transforms.Compose([
                       transforms.ToTensor(),
                       transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
                   ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('../data', train=False, transform=transforms.Compose([
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
    ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)



class MLP(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self):
        super(MLP, self).__init__()

        self.model = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(784, 200),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 200),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 10),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.model(x)

        return x

net = MLP()
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)
criteon = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

for epoch in range(epochs):

    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data = data.view(-1, 28*28)

        logits = net(data)
        loss = criteon(logits, target)

        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        # print(w1.grad.norm(), w2.grad.norm())
        optimizer.step()

        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print('Train Epoch: {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(
                epoch, batch_idx * len(data), len(train_loader.dataset),
                       100. * batch_idx / len(train_loader), loss.item()))


    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    for data, target in test_loader:
        data = data.view(-1, 28 * 28)
        logits = net(data)
        test_loss += criteon(logits, target).item()

        pred = logits.data.max(1)[1]
        correct += pred.eq(target.data).sum()

    test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)
    print('\nTest set: Average loss: {:.4f}, Accuracy: {}/{} ({:.0f}%)\n'.format(
        test_loss, correct, len(test_loader.dataset),
        100. * correct / len(test_loader.dataset)))
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms

batch_size = 200
learning_rate = 0.01
epochs = 10

train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('../data', train=True, download=True,
                   transform=transforms.Compose([
                       transforms.ToTensor(),
                       transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
                   ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('../data', train=False, transform=transforms.Compose([
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
    ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)


class MLP(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self):
        super(MLP, self).__init__()

        self.model = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(784, 200),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 200),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 10),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.model(x)

        return x


device = torch.device('cuda:0')
net = MLP().to(device)
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)
criteon = nn.CrossEntropyLoss().to(device)

for epoch in range(epochs):

    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data = data.view(-1, 28 * 28)
        data, target = data.to(device), target.cuda()

        logits = net(data)
        loss = criteon(logits, target)

        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        # print(w1.grad.norm(), w2.grad.norm())
        optimizer.step()

        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print('Train Epoch: {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(
                epoch, batch_idx * len(data), len(train_loader.dataset),
                       100. * batch_idx / len(train_loader), loss.item()))

    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    for data, target in test_loader:
        data = data.view(-1, 28 * 28)
        data, target = data.to(device), target.cuda()
        logits = net(data)
        test_loss += criteon(logits, target).item()

        pred = logits.argmax(dim=1)
        correct += pred.eq(target).float().sum().item()

    test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)
    print('\nTest set: Average loss: {:.4f}, Accuracy: {}/{} ({:.0f}%)\n'.format(
        test_loss, correct, len(test_loader.dataset),
        100. * correct / len(test_loader.dataset)))

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随机梯度下降法(Stochastic Gradient Descent, SGD)是一种用于训练神经网络的优化算法。它是梯度下降法(Gradient Descent)的一种变种,用于解决大规模数据集训练时的效率问题。 在神经网络训练中,我们需要找到使损失函数最小化的参数值。梯度下降法是一种基于导数的优化方法,通过不断迭代更新参数来寻找最优解。传统的梯度下降法在每次迭代时使用完整的训练数据计算损失函数关于参数的梯度,然后更新参数。但是,对于大规模数据集,这种方法计算量巨大,训练时间长。 而随机梯度下降法则通过每次迭代使用一小部分(或者一个样本)随机选择的训练数据来近似计算梯度。具体步骤如下: 1. 随机选取一个样本或一小部分样本。 2. 计算该样本的损失函数关于参数的梯度。 3. 根据梯度更新参数。 4. 重复以上步骤,直到达到预定的停止条件(如达到最大迭代次数或损失函数收敛)。 由于每次迭代只使用了部分样本来计算梯度,因此随机梯度下降法的计算效率高于传统的梯度下降法。然而,由于每次迭代的梯度估计是基于一小部分样本的,所以随机梯度下降法的收敛速度可能会变得不稳定。为了解决这个问题,还可以使用一种称为学习率衰减(learning rate decay)的技术,逐渐减小学习率。 总之,随机梯度下降法是一种高效的优化算法,特别适用于大规模数据集的神经网络训练。它通过每次迭代使用随机选择的样本来近似计算梯度,从而提高了计算效率。
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