前言
lxml是一种使用Python编写的库,可以迅速、灵活地处理XML和HTML,学过xpath定位的,可以立马上手
使用环境:
python3.7
lxml 4.3.3
lxml安装
pip install lxml,安装报错;指定版本为4.4.3时,安装成功
pip show lxml查看版本号
html解析
这里用到etree.HTML方法把html的文本内容解析成html对象
要打印html内容,可以用etree.tostring方法,encoding="utf-8"参数可以正常输出html里面的中文内容。pretty_print=True是以标准格式输出
# coding:utf-8
from lxml import etree
htmldemo = '''
<meta charset="UTF-8"> <!-- for HTML5 -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<html><head><title>yoyo ketang</title></head>
<body>
<b><!--Hey, this in comment!--></b>
<p class="title"><b>yoyoketang</b></p>
<p class="yoyo">这里是我的微信公众号:yoyoketang
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/fiddler/" class="sister" id="link1">fiddler教程</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/python/" class="sister" id="link2">python笔记</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/selenium/" class="sister" id="link3">selenium文档</a>;
快来关注吧!</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
'''
# etree.HTML解析html内容
demo = etree.HTML(htmldemo)
# 打印解析内容str
t = etree.tostring(demo, encoding="utf-8", pretty_print=True)
print(t.decode("utf-8"))
运行结果
<html>
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"/> <!-- for HTML5 -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<title>yoyo ketang</title>
</head>
<body>
<b><!--Hey, this in comment!--></b>
<p class="title"><b>yoyoketang</b></p>
<p class="yoyo">这里是我的微信公众号:yoyoketang
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/fiddler/" class="sister" id="link1">fiddler教程</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/python/" class="sister" id="link2">python笔记</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/selenium/" class="sister" id="link3">selenium文档</a>;
快来关注吧!</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
</html>
soupparser解析器
soupparser解析器比上面的etree.HTML容错性要好一点,因为其处理不规范的html能力比etree强太多。
import lxml.html.soupparser as soupparser
demo = soupparser.fromstring(htmldemo)
t = etree.tostring(demo, encoding="utf-8", pretty_print=True)
print(t.decode("utf-8"))
xpath使用案例
使用html解析器,最终是想获取html上的某些元素属性和text文本内容,接下来看下,用最少的代码,简单高效的找出想要的内容。
比如要获取“这里是我的微信公众号:yoyoketang
# coding:utf-8
from lxml import etree
htmldemo = '''
<meta charset="UTF-8"> <!-- for HTML5 -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<html><head><title>yoyo ketang</title></head>
<body>
<b><!--Hey, this in comment!--></b>
<p class="title"><b>yoyoketang</b></p>
<p class="yoyo">这里是我的微信公众号:yoyoketang
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/fiddler/" class="sister" id="link1">fiddler教程</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/python/" class="sister" id="link2">python笔记</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/selenium/" class="sister" id="link3">selenium文档</a>;
快来关注吧!</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
'''
# etree.HTML解析html内容
demo = etree.HTML(htmldemo)
rs=demo.xpath('//p[@class="yoyo"]')
t=rs[0].text
print(t)
运行结果:
从代码量上看,简单的三行代码就能找到想要的内容了,rs是xpath定位获取到的一个list对象,会找出所有符合条件的元素对象。可以用for循环查看详情。
# coding:utf-8
from lxml import etree
htmldemo = '''
<meta charset="UTF-8"> <!-- for HTML5 -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<html><head><title>yoyo ketang</title></head>
<body>
<b><!--Hey, this in comment!--></b>
<p class="title"><b>yoyoketang</b></p>
<p class="yoyo">这里是我的微信公众号:yoyoketang
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/fiddler/" class="sister" id="link1">fiddler教程</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/python/" class="sister" id="link2">python笔记</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/selenium/" class="sister" id="link3">selenium文档</a>;
快来关注吧!</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
'''
# etree.HTML解析html内容
demo = etree.HTML(htmldemo)
rs=demo.xpath('//p[@class="yoyo"]')
print(rs) #list对象
for j in rs:
#打印定位到的内容
print(etree.tostring(j,encoding="utf-8",pretty_print=True).decode("utf-8"))
print(j.attrib)
运行结果
[<Element p at 0x262b525a988>]
<p class="yoyo">这里是我的微信公众号:yoyoketang
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/fiddler/" class="sister" id="link1">fiddler教程</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/python/" class="sister" id="link2">python笔记</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/selenium/" class="sister" id="link3">selenium文档</a>;
快来关注吧!</p>
{'class': 'yoyo'}
二次查找
通过xpath定位语法//p[@class="yoyo"]定位到的是class="yoyo"这个元素以及它的所有子节点,如果想定位其中一个子节点,可以二次定位,继续xpath查看,如获取:python笔记
# coding:utf-8
from lxml import etree
htmldemo = '''
<meta charset="UTF-8"> <!-- for HTML5 -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<html><head><title>yoyo ketang</title></head>
<body>
<b><!--Hey, this in comment!--></b>
<p class="title"><b>yoyoketang</b></p>
<p class="yoyo">这里是我的微信公众号:yoyoketang
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/fiddler/" class="sister" id="link1">fiddler教程</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/python/" class="sister" id="link2">python笔记</a>,
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yoyoketang/tag/selenium/" class="sister" id="link3">selenium文档</a>;
快来关注吧!</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
'''
# etree.HTML解析html内容
demo = etree.HTML(htmldemo)
rs=demo.xpath('//p[@class="yoyo"]')
print(rs[0].text)
rs1=rs[0].xpath('//a[@id="link2"]')
print(rs1[0].text)
rs2=demo.xpath('//a[@id="link2"]')
print(rs2[0].text)
运行结果
Xpath
注意
etree.toString()返回的是bytes类型,需要调用decode方法将其转换成String类型
经过处理后的html代码,会被自动修复,添加缺少的标签。