python使用对象高级编程——使用枚举类

使用枚举类

当我们需要定义常量时，一个办法是用大写变量通过整数来定义，例如月份：

JAN = 1
FEB = 2
MAR = 3
...
NOV = 11
DEC = 12

好处是简单，缺点是类型是int，并且仍然是变量。

更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型，然后，每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例。Python提供了Enum类来实现这个功能：

from enum import Enum

Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))

这样我们就获得了Month类型的枚举类，可以直接使用Month.Jan来引用一个常量，或者枚举它的所有成员：

for name, member in Month.__members__.items():
    print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)

value属性则是自动赋给成员的int常量，默认从1开始计数。

如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型，可以从Enum派生出自定义类：

from enum import Enum, unique

@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
    Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
    Mon = 1
    Tue = 2
    Wed = 3
    Thu = 4
    Fri = 5
    Sat = 6

@unique装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值。

访问这些枚举类型可以有若干种方法：

>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1)
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(Weekday.Tue)
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday['Tue'])
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)
2
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)
True
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)
False
>>> print(Weekday(1))
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1 == Weekday(1))
True
>>> Weekday(7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday
>>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
...     print(name, '=>', member)
...
Sun => Weekday.Sun
Mon => Weekday.Mon
Tue => Weekday.Tue
Wed => Weekday.Wed
Thu => Weekday.Thu
Fri => Weekday.Fri
Sat => Weekday.Sat

可见，既可以用成员名称引用枚举常量，又可以直接根据value的值获得枚举常量。

练习

把Student的gender属性改造为枚举类型，可以避免使用字符串：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from enum import Enum, unique

class Gender(Enum):
    Male = 0
    Female = 1

class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, name, gender):
        self.name = name
        self.gender = gender

# 测试:
bart = Student('Bart', Gender.Male)
if bart.gender == Gender.Male:
    print('测试通过!')
else:
    print('测试失败!')

小结

Enum可以把一组相关常量定义在一个class中，且class不可变，而且成员可以直接比较。

参考源码

use_enum.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from enum import Enum, unique

@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
    Sun = 0
    Mon = 1
    Tue = 2
    Wed = 3
    Thu = 4
    Fri = 5
    Sat = 6

day1 = Weekday.Mon

print('day1 =', day1)
print('Weekday.Tue =', Weekday.Tue)
print('Weekday[\'Tue\'] =', Weekday['Tue'])
print('Weekday.Tue.value =', Weekday.Tue.value)
print('day1 == Weekday.Mon ?', day1 == Weekday.Mon)
print('day1 == Weekday.Tue ?', day1 == Weekday.Tue)
print('day1 == Weekday(1) ?', day1 == Weekday(1))

for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
    print(name, '=>', member)

Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))

for name, member in Month.__members__.items():
    print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)

结果：

day1 = Weekday.Mon
Weekday.Tue = Weekday.Tue
Weekday['Tue'] = Weekday.Tue
Weekday.Tue.value = 2
day1 == Weekday.Mon ? True
day1 == Weekday.Tue ? False
day1 == Weekday(1) ? True
Sun => Weekday.Sun
Mon => Weekday.Mon
Tue => Weekday.Tue
Wed => Weekday.Wed
Thu => Weekday.Thu
Fri => Weekday.Fri
Sat => Weekday.Sat
Jan => Month.Jan , 1
Feb => Month.Feb , 2
Mar => Month.Mar , 3
Apr => Month.Apr , 4
May => Month.May , 5
Jun => Month.Jun , 6
Jul => Month.Jul , 7
Aug => Month.Aug , 8
Sep => Month.Sep , 9
Oct => Month.Oct , 10
Nov => Month.Nov , 11
Dec => Month.Dec , 12