Pytorch: 空洞卷积神经网络
Copyright: Jingmin Wei, Pattern Recognition and Intelligent System, School of Artificial and Intelligence, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
本教程不商用，仅供学习和参考交流使用，如需转载，请联系本人。
相对于普通卷积，空洞卷积通过在卷积核中添加空洞( 0 0 0 元素)，从而增大感受野，获取更多信息。感受野为在卷积神经网络中，决定某一层输出结果中一个元素对应的输入层的区域大小，通俗解释就是特征映射上的一个点对应输入图上的区域大小。
对于一个 3 × 3 3\times3 3×3 的 2 2 2-空洞卷积运算，实际的卷积核大小还是 3 × 3 3\times3 3×3 。但是空洞为 1 1 1 ，这样卷积核就会扩充一个 7 × 7 7\times7 7×7 的图像块，但只有 9 9 9 个红色的点会有权重取值进行卷积操作。也可以理解为卷积核的大小为 7 × 7 7\times7 7×7 ，但只有图中的 9 9 9 个点的权重不为 0 0 0 ，其他均为 0 0 0 。实际卷积权重只有 3 × 3 3\times3 3×3 ，但感受野实际为 7 × 7 7\times7 7×7 。对于 15 × 15 15\times15 15×15 的，实际卷积只有 9 × 9 9\times9 9×9 。
在 nn.Conv2d() 函数中，调节 dilation 的取值，即可进行不同大小卷积核的空洞卷积运算。
我们搭建的空洞卷积神经网络有两个空洞卷积层，两个池化层和两个全连接层，分类器依旧包含 10 10 10 个神经元，除了卷积方式差异，与前文识别 FashionMNIST 的网络结构完全相同。
空洞卷积神经网络搭建
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, confusion_matrix
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import copy
import time
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.optim import Adam
import torch.utils.data as Data
from torchvision import transforms
from torchvision.datasets import FashionMNIST
class MyConvDilaNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(MyConvDilaNet, self).__init__()
# 定义第一层卷积
self.conv1 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(
in_channels = 1, # 输入图像通道数
out_channels = 16, # 输出特征数(卷积核个数)
kernel_size = 3, # 卷积核大小
stride = 1, # 卷积核步长1
padding = 1, # 边缘填充1
dilation = 2,
),
nn.ReLU(), # 激活函数
nn.AvgPool2d(
kernel_size = 2, # 平均值池化，2*2
stride = 2, # 池化步长2
),
)
self.conv2 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(16, 32, 3, 1, 0, dilation = 2),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.AvgPool2d(2, 2),
)
self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(32 * 4 * 4, 256),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(256, 128),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(128, 10),
)
def forward(self, x):
# 定义前向传播路径
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.conv2(x)
x = x.view(x.size(0), -1) # 展平多维的卷积图层
output = self.classifier(x)
return output
数据预处理
数据预处理部分和上文相同。
# 使用 FashionMNIST 数据，准备训练数据集
train_data = FashionMNIST(
root = './data/FashionMNIST',
train = True,
transform = transforms.ToTensor(),
download = False
)
# 定义一个数据加载器
train_loader = Data.DataLoader(
dataset = train_data, # 数据集
batch_size = 64, # 批量处理的大小
shuffle = False, # 不打乱数据
num_workers = 2, # 两个进程
)
# 计算 batch 数
print(len(train_loader))
# 获得 batch 的数据
for step, (b_x, b_y) in enumerate(train_loader):
if step > 0:
break
# 可视化一个 batch 的图像
batch_x = b_x.squeeze().numpy()
batch_y = b_y.numpy()
label = train_data.classes
label[0] = 'T-shirt'
plt.figure(figsize = (12, 5))
for i in np.arange(len(batch_y)):
plt.subplot(4, 16, i + 1)
plt.imshow(batch_x[i, :, :], cmap = plt.cm.gray)
plt.title(label[batch_y[i]], size = 9)
plt.axis('off')
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace = 0.05)
# 处理测试集
test_data = FashionMNIST(
root = './data/FashionMNIST',
train = False, # 不使用训练数据集
download = False
)
# 为数据添加一个通道维度，并且取值范围归一化
test_data_x = test_data.data.type(torch.FloatTensor) / 255.0
test_data_x = torch.unsqueeze(test_data_x, dim = 1)
test_data_y = test_data.targets # 测试集标签
print(test_data_x.shape)
print(test_data_y.shape)
938
torch.Size([10000, 1, 28, 28])
torch.Size([10000])
# 定义空洞网络对象
myconvdilanet = MyConvDilaNet()
from torchsummary import summary
summary(myconvdilanet, input_size=(1, 28, 28))
----------------------------------------------------------------
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
================================================================
Conv2d-1 [-1, 16, 26, 26] 160
ReLU-2 [-1, 16, 26, 26] 0
AvgPool2d-3 [-1, 16, 13, 13] 0
Conv2d-4 [-1, 32, 9, 9] 4,640
ReLU-5 [-1, 32, 9, 9] 0
AvgPool2d-6 [-1, 32, 4, 4] 0
Linear-7 [-1, 256] 131,328
ReLU-8 [-1, 256] 0
Linear-9 [-1, 128] 32,896
ReLU-10 [-1, 128] 0
Linear-11 [-1, 10] 1,290
================================================================
Total params: 170,314
Trainable params: 170,314
Non-trainable params: 0
----------------------------------------------------------------
Input size (MB): 0.00
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 0.24
Params size (MB): 0.65
Estimated Total Size (MB): 0.89
----------------------------------------------------------------
# 输出网络结构
from torchviz import make_dot
x = torch.randn(1, 1, 28, 28).requires_grad_(True)
y = myconvdilanet(x)
myDilaCNN_vis = make_dot(y, params=dict(list(myconvdilanet.named_parameters()) + [('x', x)]))
myDilaCNN_vis
空洞卷积神经网络的训练和预测
网络训练和测试部分和上文相同。
# 定义网络训练过程函数
def train_model(model, traindataloader, train_rate, criterion, optimizer, num_epochs = 25):
'''
模型，训练数据集(待切分)，训练集百分比，损失函数，优化器，训练轮数
'''
# 计算训练使用的 batch 数量
batch_num = len(traindataloader)
train_batch_num = round(batch_num * train_rate)
# 复制模型参数
best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())
best_acc = 0.0
train_loss_all = []
val_loss_all =[]
train_acc_all = []
val_acc_all = []
since = time.time()
# 训练框架
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
print('Epoch {}/{}'.format(epoch, num_epochs - 1))
print('-' * 10)
train_loss = 0.0
train_corrects = 0
train_num = 0
val_loss = 0.0
val_corrects = 0
val_num = 0
for step, (b_x, b_y) in enumerate(traindataloader):
if step < train_batch_num:
model.train() # 设置为训练模式
output = model(b_x)
pre_lab = torch.argmax(output, 1)
loss = criterion(output, b_y) # 计算误差损失
optimizer.zero_grad() # 清空过往梯度
loss.backward() # 误差反向传播
optimizer.step() # 根据误差更新参数
train_loss += loss.item() * b_x.size(0)
train_corrects += torch.sum(pre_lab == b_y.data)
train_num += b_x.size(0)
else:
model.eval() # 设置为验证模式
output = model(b_x)
pre_lab = torch.argmax(output, 1)
loss = criterion(output, b_y)
val_loss += loss.item() * b_x.size(0)
val_corrects += torch.sum(pre_lab == b_y.data)
val_num += b_x.size(0)
# ======================小循环结束========================
# 计算一个epoch在训练集和验证集上的损失和精度
train_loss_all.append(train_loss / train_num)
train_acc_all.append(train_corrects.double().item() / train_num)
val_loss_all.append(val_loss / val_num)
val_acc_all.append(val_corrects.double().item() / val_num)
print('{} Train Loss: {:.4f} Train Acc: {:.4f}'.format(epoch, train_loss_all[-1], train_acc_all[-1]))
print('{} Val Loss: {:.4f} Val Acc: {:.4f}'.format(epoch, val_loss_all[-1], val_acc_all[-1]))
# 拷贝模型最高精度下的参数
if val_acc_all[-1] > best_acc:
best_acc = val_acc_all[-1]
best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())
time_use = time.time() - since
print('Train and Val complete in {:.0f}m {:.0f}s'.format(time_use // 60, time_use % 60))
# ===========================大循环结束===========================
# 使用最好模型的参数
model.load_state_dict(best_model_wts)
train_process = pd.DataFrame(
data = {'epoch': range(num_epochs),
'train_loss_all': train_loss_all,
'val_loss_all': val_loss_all,
'train_acc_all': train_acc_all,
'val_acc_all': val_acc_all})
return model, train_process
# 对模型进行训练
optimizer = Adam(myconvdilanet.parameters(), lr = 0.0003)
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
myconvdilanet, train_process = train_model(myconvdilanet, train_loader, 0.8, criterion, optimizer, num_epochs = 25)
Epoch 0/24
----------
0 Train Loss: 0.8922 Train Acc: 0.6718
0 Val Loss: 0.6322 Val Acc: 0.7498
Train and Val complete in 1m 2s
Epoch 1/24
----------
1 Train Loss: 0.6028 Train Acc: 0.7656
1 Val Loss: 0.5610 Val Acc: 0.7837
Train and Val complete in 2m 3s
Epoch 2/24
----------
2 Train Loss: 0.5331 Train Acc: 0.7948
2 Val Loss: 0.5047 Val Acc: 0.8107
Train and Val complete in 3m 3s
Epoch 3/24
----------
3 Train Loss: 0.4868 Train Acc: 0.8159
3 Val Loss: 0.4738 Val Acc: 0.8266
Train and Val complete in 3m 60s
Epoch 4/24
----------
4 Train Loss: 0.4540 Train Acc: 0.8320
4 Val Loss: 0.4491 Val Acc: 0.8369
Train and Val complete in 4m 54s
Epoch 5/24
----------
5 Train Loss: 0.4275 Train Acc: 0.8433
5 Val Loss: 0.4279 Val Acc: 0.8455
Train and Val complete in 5m 50s
Epoch 6/24
----------
6 Train Loss: 0.4047 Train Acc: 0.8512
6 Val Loss: 0.4075 Val Acc: 0.8531
Train and Val complete in 6m 45s
Epoch 7/24
----------
7 Train Loss: 0.3851 Train Acc: 0.8591
7 Val Loss: 0.3897 Val Acc: 0.8608
Train and Val complete in 7m 41s
Epoch 8/24
----------
8 Train Loss: 0.3690 Train Acc: 0.8655
8 Val Loss: 0.3762 Val Acc: 0.8653
Train and Val complete in 8m 36s
Epoch 9/24
----------
9 Train Loss: 0.3557 Train Acc: 0.8708
9 Val Loss: 0.3652 Val Acc: 0.8672
Train and Val complete in 9m 31s
Epoch 10/24
----------
10 Train Loss: 0.3440 Train Acc: 0.8751
10 Val Loss: 0.3552 Val Acc: 0.8710
Train and Val complete in 10m 26s
Epoch 11/24
----------
11 Train Loss: 0.3341 Train Acc: 0.8776
11 Val Loss: 0.3473 Val Acc: 0.8735
Train and Val complete in 11m 22s
Epoch 12/24
----------
12 Train Loss: 0.3250 Train Acc: 0.8812
12 Val Loss: 0.3412 Val Acc: 0.8762
Train and Val complete in 12m 21s
Epoch 13/24
----------
13 Train Loss: 0.3166 Train Acc: 0.8840
13 Val Loss: 0.3355 Val Acc: 0.8791
Train and Val complete in 13m 25s
Epoch 14/24
----------
14 Train Loss: 0.3092 Train Acc: 0.8870
14 Val Loss: 0.3299 Val Acc: 0.8810
Train and Val complete in 14m 26s
Epoch 15/24
----------
15 Train Loss: 0.3023 Train Acc: 0.8889
15 Val Loss: 0.3250 Val Acc: 0.8816
Train and Val complete in 15m 28s
Epoch 16/24
----------
16 Train Loss: 0.2956 Train Acc: 0.8921
16 Val Loss: 0.3182 Val Acc: 0.8838
Train and Val complete in 16m 30s
Epoch 17/24
----------
17 Train Loss: 0.2896 Train Acc: 0.8939
17 Val Loss: 0.3138 Val Acc: 0.8862
Train and Val complete in 17m 32s
Epoch 18/24
----------
18 Train Loss: 0.2836 Train Acc: 0.8961
18 Val Loss: 0.3093 Val Acc: 0.8872
Train and Val complete in 18m 33s
Epoch 19/24
----------
19 Train Loss: 0.2783 Train Acc: 0.8984
19 Val Loss: 0.3054 Val Acc: 0.8894
Train and Val complete in 19m 34s
Epoch 20/24
----------
20 Train Loss: 0.2728 Train Acc: 0.9004
20 Val Loss: 0.3020 Val Acc: 0.8911
Train and Val complete in 20m 52s
Epoch 21/24
----------
21 Train Loss: 0.2676 Train Acc: 0.9021
21 Val Loss: 0.2989 Val Acc: 0.8922
Train and Val complete in 21m 54s
Epoch 22/24
----------
22 Train Loss: 0.2625 Train Acc: 0.9038
22 Val Loss: 0.2960 Val Acc: 0.8942
Train and Val complete in 22m 55s
Epoch 23/24
----------
23 Train Loss: 0.2578 Train Acc: 0.9049
23 Val Loss: 0.2932 Val Acc: 0.8942
Train and Val complete in 23m 56s
Epoch 24/24
----------
24 Train Loss: 0.2531 Train Acc: 0.9062
24 Val Loss: 0.2907 Val Acc: 0.8942
Train and Val complete in 24m 58s
使用折线图可视化训练过程：
# 可视化训练过程
plt.figure(figsize = (12, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(train_process.epoch, train_process.train_loss_all, 'ro-', label = 'Train loss')
plt.plot(train_process.epoch, train_process.val_loss_all, 'bs-', label = 'Val loss')
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(train_process.epoch, train_process.train_acc_all, 'ro-', label = 'Train acc')
plt.plot(train_process.epoch, train_process.val_acc_all, 'bs-', label = 'Val acc')
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.ylabel('Acc')
plt.show()
计算空洞卷积模型的泛化能力：
# 测试集预测，并可视化预测效果
myconvdilanet.eval()
output = myconvdilanet(test_data_x)
pre_lab = torch.argmax(output, 1)
acc = accuracy_score(test_data_y, pre_lab)
print(test_data_y)
print(pre_lab)
print('测试集上的预测精度为', acc)
tensor([9, 2, 1, ..., 8, 1, 5])
tensor([9, 2, 1, ..., 8, 1, 5])
测试集上的预测精度为 0.8841
使用热力图，观察每类数据上的预测情况：
# 计算测试集上的混淆矩阵并可视化
conf_mat = confusion_matrix(test_data_y, pre_lab)
df_cm = pd.DataFrame(conf_mat, index = label, columns = label)
heatmap = sns.heatmap(df_cm, annot = True, fmt = 'd', cmap = 'YlGnBu')
heatmap.yaxis.set_ticklabels(heatmap.yaxis.get_ticklabels(), rotation = 0, ha = 'right')
heatmap.xaxis.set_ticklabels(heatmap.xaxis.get_ticklabels(), rotation = 45, ha = 'right')
plt.ylabel('True label')
plt.xlabel('Predicted label')
plt.show()
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