三层转发基本原理

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-05 16:55:45 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-01-05 16:55:45 发布
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原文链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/longlyseul/p/13113981.html
版权

三层转发ensp结构构造

配置三层转发路由命令如下：

AR1:

AR2:

AR3:

在配置过程中犯了不少错误，需要注意的点如下：

（1）在配置ip地址的时候，需要配置Vlan口，然后再配置Vlanif，最后在配置ip address。

（2）在两端都需要进行配置ip route-static，此命令结构如下：

ip route-static 目标网段地址 子网掩码 接口地址

表示通往目标网段地址的数据包需要通过接口地址发出。

部分配置命令：

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sys
[Huawei]interface e0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 100
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]vlan 100
[Huawei-vlan100]q
[Huawei]vlan 100
[Huawei-vlan100]display this
[Huawei-vlan100]q
[Huawei]interface Vlanif 100
[Huawei-Vlanif100]interface e0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 100
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]interface Vlanif 100
[Huawei-Vlanif100]ip address 1.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif100]q

1
[Huawei]ip route-static 1.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 2.2.2.1
三层转发

然后我们再讲一下三层转发

三层转发的原理就是路由器的转发原理

路由器的转发原理就是看路由表中是否存在路由，如果存在路由，则进行转发，否则直接丢弃报文。

（1）AR1 ping AR3，首先AR1看路由，如果存在路由，则继续查询ARP表项。

（2）如果不存在ARP表项，则AR1向网关发送ARP请求，网关去掉MAC头部，查询IP为本网关IP，则更新ARP表项，并回应ARP应答。报文格式如下：

AR1向网关发送的广播报文：

Src

Dst

SrcIp

SrcMac

DstIp

DstMac

AR1

ffffffffffff

AR1

AR1

AR2

0

AR2回给AR1的单播ARP应答报文：

Src

Dst

SrcIp

SrcMac

DstIp

DstMac

AR2

AR1

AR2

AR2

AR1

AR1

（3）AR1将IP数据包封装mac，然后将IP数据包发给AR2

Src

Dst

SrcIp

SrcMac

DstIp

DstMac

AR1

AR2

AR1

AR1

AR3

AR2

（4）IP数据包到达AR2之后，AR2开始查询本机的路由表，发现本机的IP与目标IP一致，且存在下一跳和出接口，则查询ARP表项，如果不存在下一跳，则丢弃IP数据包。

（5）AR2查询ARP表项，如果存在目标地址的ARP表项，则封装MAC，发送IP数据包，如果不存在，则发送ARP请求，AR3接收到ARP请求后，更新ARP表项，回复ARP应答。

AR2发送的ARP请求报文：

Src

Dst

SrcIp

SrcMac

DstIp

DstMac

AR2

ffffffffffff

AR2

AR2

AR3

0

AR3回复的ARP应答报文：

Src

Dst

SrcIp

SrcMac

DstIp

DstMac

AR3

AR2

AR3

AR3

AR2

AR2

（6）AR2收到ARP应答后，更新ARP表项，封装IP数据包，然后将IP数据包发向AR3。

发送给R3的IP数据包：

Src

Dst

SrcIp

SrcMac

DstIp

DstMac

AR2

AR3

AR1

AR2

AR3

AR3

（7）AR3收到IP数据包后，去掉MAC头部，查询路由表，判断IP数据包中封装的IP为本机IP，在路由表中的下一跳地址为127.0.0.1，为路由器的回环地址，且出接口为InLoopBack0，则收下此IP数据包，至此三层转发完成。

三层转发的几个注意点：

（1）三层转发主要依靠路由表，通过查询路由表来进行交换。

（2）三层转发为跨网段转发。

（3）三层转发过程中还需要进行二层的封装解封装。
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