多线程详解
进程:
在操作系统中运行的程序就是进程,比如你的QQ, 播放器,游戏,IDE等等
线程:
一个进程可以有多个线程,如视频中同时听声音,看图像,看弹幕,,等等
- 线程就是独立的执行路径
- 在程序运行时,即使没有自己创建线程,后台也会有多个线程,如主线程、gc线程
- main()称之为主线程,为程序的入口,用于执行整个程序
- 在一个进程中,如果开辟了多个线程,线程的运行由调度器安排调度,调度器是与操作系统紧密相关的,先后顺序是不能人为的干预的
- 对同一份资源操作时,会存在资源抢夺问题,需要加入并发控制
- 线程会带来额外的开销,如cpu调度时间,并发控制开销
- 每个线程在自己的工作内存交互,内存控制不当会造成数据不一致
线程创建
Thread
Runnable
Callable
重点:Thread class 继承Thread类
重点:Runnable 接口 实现Runnable 接口
了解:Callable接口
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Thread
-
自定义线程类继承Thread类
-
重写run()方法,编写线程执行体
-
创建线程对象,调用start()方法启动线程
//创建一个线程对象 TestThread1 testThread1 = new TestThread1(); //调用start方法开启线程 testThread1.start();
线程不一定立即执行,由cpu安排调度
Runnable
- 定义MyRunnable类实现Runnable接口
- 实现run()方法,编写编程执行体
- 创建编程对象,调用start()方法启动线程
推荐使用Runnable对象,因为java单继承的局限性
//创建runnable 接口实现类对象
TestThread3 testThread3 = new TestThread3();
//创建代理类对象,通过线程对象来开启我们的线程,代理
Thread thread = new Thread(testThread3);
//启动
thread.start();
两种方式实现网图下载
package com.kuang.demo01;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import sun.misc.FileURLMapper;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
//练习Thread,实现多线程同步下载图片
public class TestThread2 extends Thread {
private String url;
private String name;
public TestThread2(String url, String name) {
this.url = url;
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void run() {
WebDownloader webDownloader = new WebDownloader();
webDownloader.downloader(url, name);
System.out.println("下载了文件名为:" + name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread2 t1 = new TestThread2("https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20211118020207.jpg","1.png");
TestThread2 t2 = new TestThread2("https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20211118020207.jpg","2.png");
TestThread2 t3 = new TestThread2("https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20211118020207.jpg", "3.png");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}
//下载器
class WebDownloader {
//下载方法
public void downloader(String url, String name) {
try {
FileUtils.copyURLToFile(new URL(url), new File(name));
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("IO异常,downloader方法出现问题");
}
}
}
package com.kuang.demo01;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
public class TestThread4 implements Runnable{
private String url;
private String name;
public TestThread4(String url, String name) {
this.url = url;
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void run() {
WebDownloader webDownloader = new WebDownloader();
webDownloader.downloader(url, name);
System.out.println("下载了文件名为:" + name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread4 t1 = new TestThread4("https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20211118020207.jpg","1.png");
TestThread4 t2 = new TestThread4("https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20211118020207.jpg", "1.png");
TestThread4 t3 = new TestThread4("https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20211118020207.jpg", "1.png");
new Thread(t1).start();
new Thread(t2).start();
new Thread(t3).start();
}
}
//下载器
class WebDownloader1 {
//下载方法
public void downloader(String url, String name) {
try {
FileUtils.copyURLToFile(new URL(url), new File(name));
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("IO异常,downloader方法出现问题");
}
}
}
小结
- 继承Thread 类
- 子类继承Thread 类具备多线程能力
- 启动线程:子类对象.start()
- 不建议使用:避免OOP单继承的局限性
- 实现Runnable接口
- 实现Runnable接口具有多线程能力
- 启动线程:传入目标对象+Thread对象.start()
- 推荐使用:避免单继承局限性,灵活方便,方便同一个对象呗多个线程使用
初始并发问题
问题:多个线程操作同一个资源的情况下,线程不安全,数据紊乱
package com.kuang.demo01;
//多个线程同时操作同一个对象
//买火车票的例子
//发现问题:多个线程操作同一个资源的情况下,线程不安全,数据紊乱
public class TestThread5 implements Runnable{
//票数
private int tickeNum = 10;
@Override
public void run() {
while(true) {
if(tickeNum <= 0) {
break;
}
//模拟延时
try {
Thread.sleep(200);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "--->拿到了第" + tickeNum + "张票");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread5 ticket = new TestThread5();
new Thread(ticket, "小明").start();
new Thread(ticket, "老师").start();
new Thread(ticket, "黄牛党").start();
}
}
龟兔赛跑
package com.kuang.demo01;
//模拟龟兔赛跑
public class Race implements Runnable{
//胜利者
private static String winner;
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
//模拟兔子睡觉
if(Thread.currentThread().getName() == "兔子" && i % 10 == 0) {
try {
Thread.sleep(200);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//判断比赛是否结束
boolean flag = gameOver(i);
//如果比赛结束了,就停止程序
if(flag) {
break;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "--->跑了" + i + "步");
}
}
//判断是否完成比赛
private boolean gameOver(int steps){
//判断是否有胜利者
if(winner != null) {
//已经存在胜利者
return true;
}{
if(steps >= 100) {
winner = Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.println("winner is:" + winner);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Race race = new Race();
new Thread(race, "兔子").start();
new Thread(race, "乌龟").start();
}
}
静态代理模式
package com.kuang.demo01;
import sun.awt.windows.WEmbeddedFrame;
/**
* 静态代理模式总结:
* 真是对象和代理对象都要实现同一个接口
* 代理对象要代理真实角色
* 好处:代理对象可以做好多真是对象做不了的事情
* 真实对象专注做自己的事情
*/
public class StaticProxy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
You you = new You();
new Thread(() -> System.out.println("我爱你")).start();
//
// WeddingCompany weddingCompany = new WeddingCompany(new You());
// weddingCompany.HappyMarry();
new WeddingCompany(new You()).HappyMarry();
}
}
interface Marry{
void HappyMarry();
}
//真是角色:你
class You implements Marry {
@Override
public void HappyMarry() {
System.out.println("老师要结婚了,超开心");
}
}
//代理角色:帮助你结婚
class WeddingCompany implements Marry {
private Marry target;
public WeddingCompany(Marry target) {
this.target = target;
}
@Override
public void HappyMarry() {
before();
this.target.HappyMarry();
after();
}
private void before() {
System.out.println("结婚之前布置现场");
}
private void after() {
System.out.println("结婚之后收尾款");
}
}
lambda表达式
package com.kuang.lambda;
/*
推导lambda表达式
*/
public class TestLambda1 {
// 3. 静态内部类
static class Like2 implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like Lambda2");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ILike like = new Like();
like.lambda();
like = new Like2();
like.lambda();
// 4. 局部内部类
class Like3 implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like Lambda3");
}
}
like = new Like3();
like.lambda();
//5.匿名内部类,没有类的名称,必须借助接口或者父类
like = new ILike() {
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like Lambda4");
}
};
like.lambda();
//6. 用lambda简化
like = () -> {
System.out.println("I Like Lambda5");
};
like.lambda();
}
}
// 1.定义一个函数式接口
interface ILike{
void lambda();
}
// 2.实现类
class Like implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like Lambda");
}
}
线程状态
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线程停止
package com.kuang.state;
/***
* 测试stop
* 1.建议线程正常停止---->利用次数,不建议死循环
* 2.建议使用标志位----->设置一个标志位
* 3.不要使用stop或者destroy等过时或者JDK不建议使用的方法
*/
public class TestStop implements Runnable{
//1.设置一个标志位
private boolean flag = true;
@Override
public void run() {
int i = 0;
while(flag) {
System.out.println("run.....Thread" + i++);
}
}
//2.设置一个公开的方法停止线程,转换标志位
public void stop() {
this.flag = false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestStop testStop = new TestStop();
new Thread(testStop).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("main" + i);
if(i == 900) {
//调用stop方法切换标志位,让线程停止
testStop.stop();
System.out.println("该线程该停止了");
}
}
}
}
线程休眠
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package com.kuang.state;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.logging.SimpleFormatter;
public class TestSleep2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// try {
// tenDown();
// } catch (InterruptedException e) {
// e.printStackTrace();
// }
//打印系统当前时间
Date startTime = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());//获取当前时间
while(true) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss").format(startTime));
startTime = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());//更新当前时间
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//模拟倒计时
public static void tenDown() throws InterruptedException{
int num = 10;
while(true) {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(num--);
if(num <= 0) {
break;
}
}
}
}
线程礼让
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yield:礼让
package com.kuang.state;
//测试礼让
//礼让不一定成功,看CPU心情
public class TestYield {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyYield myYield = new MyYield();
new Thread(myYield, "A").start();
new Thread(myYield, "B").start();
}
}
class MyYield implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程开始执行");
Thread.yield();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程停止执行");
}
}
线程强制执行
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线程状态观测
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package com.kuang.state;
//观察测试线程的状态
public class TestState {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("==========");
});
//观察状态
Thread.State state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state); //new
//观察启动后
thread.start();//启动线程
state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state); //run
while(state != Thread.State.TERMINATED) {//只要线程不终止,就一直输出状态
Thread.sleep(100);
state = thread.getState();//更新线程状态
System.out.println(state);
}
}
}
线程优先级
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package com.kuang.state;
public class TestPriority {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//主线程默认优先级
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "--->" + Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
MyPriority myPriority = new MyPriority();
Thread t0 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t1 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t2 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t3 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t4 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t5 = new Thread(myPriority);
//先设置优先级,在启动
t0.start();
t1.setPriority(2);
t1.start();
t2.setPriority(7);
t2.start();
t3.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
t3.start();
t4.setPriority(8);
t4.start();
t5.setPriority(1);
t5.start();
}
}
class MyPriority implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "--->" + Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}
守护线程
daemon:守护
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线程同步
多个线程操作同一个资源
- 并发:同一个对象被多个线程同时操作
- 形成条件:队列 + 锁
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三大不安全案例
- 买票
package com.kuang.syn;
//不安全的买票
public class UnsafeBuyTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTicket station = new BuyTicket();
new Thread(station, "苦逼的你们").start();
new Thread(station, "牛逼的我").start();
new Thread(station, "可恶的黄牛党").start();
}
}
class BuyTicket implements Runnable {
private int ticketNums = 10;
boolean flag = true;//外部停止方式
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while(flag) {
buy();
}
}
private void buy() {
//判断是否有票
if(ticketNums <= 0) {
flag= false;
return;
}
//模拟延时
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//买票
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "拿到了" + ticketNums--);
}
}
- 取钱
package com.kuang.syn;
//不安全的取钱
//两个人去银行取钱
public class UnsafeBank {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//账户
Account account = new Account(100,"结婚基金");
Drawing you = new Drawing(account, 50, "你");
Drawing yourWife = new Drawing(account, 100 , "妻子");
you.start();
yourWife.start();
}
}
class Account {
int money;//余额
String name;//账户
public Account(int money, String name) {
this.money = money;
this.name = name;
}
}
//银行:模拟取款‘
class Drawing extends Thread {
Account account;//账户
int drawingMoney;//取了多少钱
int nowMoney;//现在手里有多少钱
public Drawing(Account account, int drawingMoney, String name) {
super(name);
this.account = account;
this.drawingMoney = drawingMoney;
}
//取钱
@Override
public void run() {
//判断有没有钱
if(account.money - drawingMoney < 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "钱不够,取不了");
return;
}
// //sleep可以放大问题的发生性
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//卡内余额 = 余额 - 你取的钱
account.money = account.money - drawingMoney;
//你手里的钱
nowMoney = nowMoney + drawingMoney;
System.out.println(account.name + "余额为:" + account.money);
//this.getName() = Thread.currentThread().getName()
System.out.println(this.getName() + "手里的钱为:" + nowMoney);
}
}
同步方法及同步块
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死锁
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package com.kuang.thread;
//死锁:多个线程互相抱着对方需要的资源,然后形成僵持
public class DeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Makeup g1 = new Makeup(0, "灰姑娘");
Makeup g2 = new Makeup(1, "白雪公主");
g1.start();
g2.start();
}
}
//口红
class Lipstick {
}
//镜子
class Mirror {
}
//化妆
class Makeup extends Thread {
//需要的资源只有一份,用static来保证只有一份
static Lipstick lipstick = new Lipstick();
static Mirror mirror = new Mirror();
int choice;//选择
String girlName;// 使用化妆品的人
Makeup(int choice, String girlName) {
this.choice = choice;
this.girlName = girlName;
}
@Override
public void run() {
//化妆
try {
makeup();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//化妆,互相持有对方的锁,就是需要拿到对方的资源
private void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
if(choice == 0) {
synchronized (lipstick) {
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得口红的锁");
Thread.sleep(1000);//1s之后想要镜子的锁
}
synchronized (mirror) {
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得镜子的锁");
}
}else {
synchronized (mirror) {
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得镜子的锁");
Thread.sleep(2000);//2s之后想要获得口红的锁
}
synchronized (lipstick) {
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得口红的锁");
}
}
}
}
Lock锁
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package com.kuang.senior;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
//测试lock锁
public class TestLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestLock2 testLock2 = new TestLock2();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
}
}
class TestLock2 implements Runnable {
int ticketNum = 10;
//定义Lock锁
private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
@Override
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
lock.lock();//加锁
if(ticketNum > 0) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(ticketNum--);
}else {
break;
}
}finally {
//解锁
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
}
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线程协作
生产者消费者问题
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管程法
利用缓冲区解决生产者消费者模式问题
package com.kuang.senior;
//测试:生产者消费者模型————>利用缓冲区解决:管程法
//生产者、消费者、产品、缓冲区
public class TestPC {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SynContainer container = new SynContainer();
new Productor(container).start();
new Consumer(container).start();
}
}
//生产者
class Productor extends Thread {
SynContainer container;
public Productor(SynContainer container) {
this.container = container;
}
//生产
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
container.push(new Chicken(i));
System.out.println("生产了" + i + "只鸡");
}
}
}
//消费者
class Consumer extends Thread {
SynContainer container;
public Consumer(SynContainer container) {
this.container = container;
}
//消费
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("消费了--->" +container.pop().id + "只鸡");
}
}
}
//产品
class Chicken {
int id;
public Chicken(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
}
//缓冲区
class SynContainer {
//需要一个容器大小
Chicken[] chickens = new Chicken[10];
//容器计数器
int count = 0;
//生产者放入产品
public synchronized void push(Chicken chicken) {
//如果容器满了,就需要等待消费者消费
if(count == chickens.length) {
//通知消费者消费,生产者等待
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//如果没有满,我们就需要丢入产品
chickens[count] = chicken;
count++;
//可以通知消费者消费了
this.notifyAll();
}
//消费者消费产品
public synchronized Chicken pop() {
//判断能否消费
if(count == 0) {
//等待生产者生产,消费者等待
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//如果可以消费
count--;
Chicken chicken = chickens[count];
//吃完了,通知生产者生产
this.notifyAll();
return chicken;
}
}
信号灯法
package com.kuang.senior;
//测试生产者消费者问题2:信号灯法,标志位解决
public class TestPC2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TV tv = new TV();
new Player(tv).start();
new Watcher(tv).start();
}
}
//生产者:演员
class Player extends Thread {
TV tv;
public Player(TV tv) {
this.tv = tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
if(i % 2 == 0) {
this.tv.play("快乐大本营");
}else {
this.tv.play("抖音:记录美好生活");
}
}
}
}
//消费者:观众
class Watcher extends Thread {
TV tv;
public Watcher(TV tv) {
this.tv = tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
tv.watch();
}
}
}
//产品:节目
class TV{
//演员表演,观众等待 T
//观众观看,演员等待 F
String voice;
boolean flag = true;
//演员表演
public synchronized void play(String voice) {
if(!flag) {
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("演员表演了: " + voice);
//通知观众观看
this.notifyAll();// 通知唤醒
this.voice = voice;
this.flag = !this.flag;
}
//观众观看
public synchronized void watch() {
if(flag) {
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("观看了: " + voice);
//通知演员表演
this.notifyAll();
this.flag = !this.flag;
}
}
线程池
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线程总结
package com.kuang.senior;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
//回顾总结线程的创建
public class ThreadNew {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new MyThread1().start();
new Thread(new MyThread2()).start();
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(new MyThread3());
new Thread(futureTask).start();
try {
Integer integer = futureTask.get();
System.out.println(integer);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
// 1.继承Thread类
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("MyThread1");
}
}
// 2.实现Runnable接口
class MyThread2 implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("MyThread2");
}
}
// 3.实现
class MyThread3 implements Callable<Integer> {
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("MyThread3");
return 100;
}
}