目录
本文内容来源:cplusplus
1.字符函数
1.1strlen
size_t strlen(const char* str);
- 字符串已经 '\0' 作为结束标志,strlen函数返回的是在字符串中 '\0' 前面出现的字符个数(不包 含 '\0' )。
- 参数指向的字符串必须要以 '\0' 结束。
- 注意函数的返回值为size_t(unsigned int),是无符号的( 易错 )
1.2strcpy
char* strcpy(char * destination, const char * source );
- Copies the C string pointed by source into the array pointed by destination, including the terminating null character (and stopping at that point). 源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束。
- 会将源字符串中的 '\0' 拷贝到目标空间。
- 目标空间必须足够大,以确保能存放源字符串。
- 目标空间必须可变。
1.3 strcat
char * strcat ( char * destination, const char * source );
- Appends a copy of the source string to the destination string. The terminating null character in destination is overwritten by the first character of source, and a null-character is included at the end of the new string formed by the concatenation of both in destination.
- 源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束。
- 目标空间必须有足够的大,能容纳下源字符串的内容。
- 目标空间必须可修改。
- 字符串自己给自己追加,如何?不行,可能无法找到原字符串的”\0“;
1.4strcmp
int strcmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );
- his function starts comparing the first character of each string. If they are equal to each other, it continues with the following pairs until the characters differ or until a terminating null-character is reached.
标准规定:
- 第一个字符串大于第二个字符串,则返回大于0的数字
- 第一个字符串等于第二个字符串,则返回0
- 第一个字符串小于第二个字符串,则返回小于0的数字 那么如何判断两个字符串?
1.5 strnpy
char * strncpy ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num );
- Copies the first num characters of source to destination. If the end of the source C string (which is signaled by a null-character) is found before num characters have been copied, destination is padded with zeros until a total of num characters have been written to it.
- 拷贝num个字符从源字符串到目标空间。
- 如果源字符串的长度小于num,则拷贝完源字符串之后,在目标的后边追加0,直到num个。
1.6 strncat
char * strncat ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num );
- Appends the first num characters of source to destination, plus a terminating null-character.
- If the length of the C string in source is less than num, only the content up to the terminating null-character is copied
-
/* strncat example */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main () { char str1[20]; char str2[20]; strcpy (str1,"To be "); strcpy (str2,"or not to be"); strncat (str1, str2, 6); puts (str1); return 0; }
1.7 strncmp
int strncmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2, size_t num );
-
Compare characters of two strings
Compares up to num characters of the C string str1 to those of the C string str2.
This function starts comparing the first character of each string. If they are equal to each other, it continues with the following pairs until the characters differ, until a terminating null-character is reached, or until num characters match in both strings, whichever happens first. - 比较到出现另个字符不一样或者一个字符串结束或者num个字符全部比较完。
/* strncmp example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[][5] = { "R2D2" , "C3PO" , "R2A6" };
int n;
puts ("Looking for R2 astromech droids...");
for (n=0 ; n<3 ; n++)
if (strncmp (str[n],"R2xx",2) == 0)
{
printf ("found %s\n",str[n]);
}
return 0;
}
1.8 strstr
char * strstr ( const char *str1, const char * str2);
- Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of str2 in str1, or a null pointer if str2 is not part of str1.
/* strstr example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] ="This is a simple string";
char * pch;
pch = strstr (str,"simple");
strncpy (pch,"sample",6);
puts (str);
return 0;
}
1.9 strtok
char * strtok ( char * str, const char * delimiters );
- sep参数是个字符串,定义了用作分隔符的字符集合
- 第一个参数指定一个字符串,它包含了0个或者多个由sep字符串中一个或者多个分隔符分割的标记。
- strtok函数找到str中的下一个标记(也可以说是令牌)(也就是被分隔符分隔的字符串),并将其用 \0 结尾,返回一个指向这个标记的指针。(注: strtok函数会改变被操作的字符串,所以在使用strtok函数切分的字符串一般都是临时拷贝的内容 并且可修改。)
- strtok函数的第一个参数不为 NULL ,函数将找到str中第一个标记,strtok函数将保存它在字符串中的位置。
- strtok函数的第一个参数为 NULL ,函数将在同一个字符串中被保存的位置(也即是第一个标记结束的位置'\0'的下一个位置)开始,查找下一个标记。 如果字符串中不存在更多的标记,则返回 NULL 指针。
/* strtok example */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main () { char str[] ="- This, a sample string."; char * pch; printf ("Splitting string \"%s\" into tokens:\n",str); pch = strtok (str," ,.-"); while (pch != NULL) { printf ("%s\n",pch); pch = strtok (NULL, " ,.-"); } return 0; }
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char *p = "zhangpengwei@bitedu.tech";
const char* sep = ".@";
char arr[30];
char *str = NULL;
strcpy(arr, p);//将数据拷贝一份,处理arr数组的内容
for(str=strtok(arr, sep); str != NULL; str=strtok(NULL, sep))
{
printf("%s\n", str);
}
}
1.10 strerror
char * strerror ( int errnum );
返回错误码,所对应的错误信息
/* strerror example : error list */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>//必须包含的头文件
int main ()
{
FILE * pFile;
pFile = fopen ("unexist.ent","r");
if (pFile == NULL)
printf ("Error opening file unexist.ent: %s\n",strerror(errno));
//errno: Last error number
return 0;
}
字符分类函数:
函数 | 如果他的参数符合下列条件就返回真 |
iscntrl | 任何控制字符 |
isspace | 空白字符:空格‘ ’,换页‘\f’,换行'\n',回车‘\r’,制表符'\t'或者垂直制表符'\v' |
isdigit | 十进制数字 0~9 |
isxdigit | 十六进制数字,包括所有十进制数字,小写字母a~f,大写字母A~F |
islower | 小写字母a~z |
isupper | 大写字母A~Z |
isalpha | 字母a~z或A~Z |
isalnum | 字母或者数字,a~z,A~Z,0~9 |
ispunct | 标点符号,任何不属于数字或者字母的图形字符(可打印) |
isgraph | 任何图形字符 |
isprint | 任何可打印字符,包括图形字符和空白字符 |
字符转换:大小写转换,char也属于整形家族
int tolower ( int c );
int toupper ( int c );
/* isupper example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main ()
{
int i=0;
char str[]="Test String.\n";
char c;
while (str[i])
{
c=str[i];
if (isupper(c))
c=tolower(c);
putchar (c);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
1.11 memcpy
void * memcpy ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );
- 函数memcpy从source的位置开始向后复制num个字节的数据到destination的内存位置。
- 这个函数在遇到 '\0' 的时候并不会停下来。
- 如果source和destination有任何的重叠,复制的结果都是未定义的.(c标准未定义,但是有些编译器source和destination有重叠,一样正常复制)。
-
/* memcpy example */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> struct { char name[40]; int age; } person, person_copy; int main () { char myname[] = "Pierre de Fermat"; /* using memcpy to copy string: */ memcpy ( person.name, myname, strlen(myname)+1 ); person.age = 46; /* using memcpy to copy structure: */ memcpy ( &person_copy, &person, sizeof(person) ); printf ("person_copy: %s, %d \n", person_copy.name, person_copy.age ); return 0; }
1.12 memmove
void * memmove ( void destination, const void * source, size_t num );
- 和memcpy的差别就是memmove函数处理的源内存块和目标内存块是可以重叠的。
- 如果源空间和目标空间出现重叠,就得使用memmove函数处理.
/* memmove example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] = "memmove can be very useful......";
memmove (str+20,str+15,11);
puts (str);
return 0;
}
1.13 memcmp
int memcmp ( const void * ptr1,
const void * ptr2,
size_t num );
比较从ptr1和ptr2指针开始的num个字节 返回值如下:
/* memcmp example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char buffer1[] = "DWgaOtP12df0";
char buffer2[] = "DWGAOTP12DF0";
int n;
n=memcmp ( buffer1, buffer2, sizeof(buffer1) );
if (n>0) printf ("'%s' is greater than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
else if (n<0) printf ("'%s' is less than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
else printf ("'%s' is the same as '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
return 0;
}
DWgAOtp12Df0 is greater than DWGAOTP12DF0 because the first non-matching character in both words are 'g' and 'G' respectively, and 'g' (103) evaluates as greater than 'G' (71).
2. 库函数的模拟实现
码云(memory opreation.c and string function.c)
//string
//#include<stdio.h>
//#include<assert.h>
//
//
//int my_strlen(char* arr)
//{
// assert(arr != NULL);
// if (*arr == '\0')
// {
// return 0;
// }
// else {
// return 1 + my_strlen(arr + 1);
// }
//}
//
//char* my_strcpy(char* dest, char* souce)
//{
// char* ret=dest;
// assert(dest&&souce);
// while (*dest++ = *souce++)
// {
// ;
// }
// return ret;
//}
//int my_str_cmp(const char*str1,const char *str2)
//{
// assert(str1 && str2);
// while (*str1 == *str2)
// {
// if (*str1 == '\0')
// return 0;
// str1++;
// str2++;
// }
// if (*str1 > *str2)
// return 1;
// else
// return -1;
//
//}
找字符串中的子串
//char* my_strstr(const char* str1, const char* str2)
//{
// assert(str1 && str2);
// if (*str2 == '\0')
// {
// return str1;
// }
// const char* cp = str1;
// const char* s1 = str1;
// const char* s2 = str2;
//
// while (*cp) {
//
// while(*s1 != '\0' && *s2 != '\0' && *s1 == *s2)
// {
// s1++;
// s2++;
// }
// if (*s2 == '\0')
// return cp;
//
// s1 = ++cp;
// s2 = str2;
// }
// return NULL;
//
//}
//
//int main()
//{
// //const int a=100;
// //const int* p = &a;
// // printf("%d\n", *p);
// char arr1[] = "456";
// char arr2[] = "123456789";
//
// //printf("%c\0\0",arr2[9]);
// //char* ret = my_strstr(arr2, arr1);
//s printf("%s\n", my_strstr(arr2, arr1) );
// //my_strcpy(arr2, arr1);
// //printf("%d\n%d", arr2[1],arr2[3]);
//
// return 0;
//}
//memory
#include<stdio.h>
#include<assert.h>
void* my_memcpy(void* dest,void* srouce,int num)
{
void* ret = dest;
while (num--)
{
*(char*)dest = *(char*)srouce;
dest=(char*)dest+1;
dest=(char*)srouce+1;
}
return ret;
}
void* My_memmove(void* dest, const void* src, int num)
{
void *ret = dest;
assert(dest && src);
if (dest < src)
{
while (num--)
{
*(char*)dest = *(char*)src;
dest = (char*)dest + 1;
src = (char*)src + 1;
}
}
else
{
while (num--)
{
*((char*)src + num) = *((char*)dest + num);
}
}
return ret;
}
#pragma pack(1)
typedef struct Node
{
int data;
char ch;
int data1;
}Node;
#pragma pack()
struct s
{
int a1;
int b1;
Node c1;
};
int main()
{
Node n1 = { 1,'2',78};
int arr1[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
int arr2[10] = {0};
printf("%d\0", sizeof(arr1));
//my_memcpy(arr2, arr1, 20);
return 0;
}