Data Tidying

Pivot It Longer or Wider

table4a
table4a %>%
  pivot_longer( c("1999", "2000"), names_to = "year", values_to = "cases")
#gather the columns as given and set the original names and values under variables of new names

table2
table2 %>%
  pivot_wider(names_from = "type", values_from = "count")
#get names and values from given columns and lay them out

#add `values_drop_na = TRUE` to throw away observations that have NA

### use logical values to denote the values of variables
mutate(
    female = sex == "female",
    pregnant = pregnant == "yes"
  )

Seperate and Unite

table3
table3 %>% 
  separate(rate, into = c("cases", "population"))
#add sep = "/" to set the separator;add sep = 2 to define the number of characters of the previous one

##example:
separate(sexage, c("sex", "age"), sep = 1) #it turns the value like "m014" to "m" and "014"

table5
table5 %>% 
  unite(col = new, century, year, sep = "")

Make the Data Full

stocks %>% 
  complete(year, qtr)
#complete(): make all missing combinations explicit

treatment %>% 
  fill(person)
#fill(): It takes a set of columns where I want missing values to be replaced by the most recent non-missing value