新手小白学JAVA 数组数组工具类二维数组

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最新推荐文章于 2024-04-07 12:54:19 发布

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分类专栏： java基础

原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43884234/article/details/115389831

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1 数组

1.1 概念

数组Array，标志是[ ] ,用于储存多个相同类型数据的集合
想要获取数组中的元素值，可以通过脚标（下标）来获取
数组下标是从0开始的,下标的最大值是数组的长度减1
数组结构

1.2 创建数组

数组的创建方式一般分为动态初始化和静态初始化

动态初始化
int[] a = new int[5];
静态初始化
int[] b = new int[]{1,2,3,4,5};
int[] c = {1,2,3,4,5};

1.3 创建数组过程分析

程序创建数组 int[] a = new int[5]; 时发生了什么?

在内存中开辟连续的空间,用来存放数据,长度是5
给数组完成初始化过程,给每个元素赋予默认值,int类型默认值是0
数组完成初始化会分配一个唯一的地址值
把唯一的地址值交给引用类型的变量a去保存

数组名是个引用类型的变量,它保存着的是数组的地址,不是数组中的数据

1.4 数组的长度

数组的长度用 length属性来表示,数组一旦创建，长度不可改变
数组的长度允许为0

1.5 练习：向数组中存入数据hello

数组中存入hello示例
创建包: cn.tedu.array
创建类: TestCreateArray.java

package cn.tedu.array;

import java.util.Arrays;

/*本类用于练习数组的创建与基本使用/
public class TestCreateArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建数组
//1.1静态创建–已经知道了数组中的具体数据
char[] c1 = { ‘h’,‘e’,‘l’,‘l’,‘o’};
char[] c2 = new char[] { ‘h’,‘e’,‘l’,‘l’,‘o’};

	<span class="token comment">//1.2动态创建--知道数组的长度,后期再动态的存数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> c3 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//在内存中开辟一块连续的空间,用于存放5个字符</span>
	<span class="token comment">//通过数组下标,操作数组中的每个元素,给数组元素赋值</span>
	<span class="token comment">//数组下标从0开始,数组的最大下标就是数组的长度-1</span>
	<span class="token comment">//快速向下复制:Ctrl+Alt+向下键</span>
	c3<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'h'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//给数组的第1个元素赋值</span>
	c3<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'e'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//给数组的第2个元素赋值</span>
	c3<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'l'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//给数组的第3个元素赋值</span>
	c3<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'l'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//给数组的第4个元素赋值</span>
	c3<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'o'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//给数组的第5个元素赋值</span>
	
	<span class="token comment">//2.打印显示创建好的数组</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c3<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	
	<span class="token comment">//3.创建String类型的数组s,存"a","b","c"</span>
	<span class="token comment">/**
	 * char类型底层做了处理,可以直接打印数组中的内容
	 * 除了char类型以外的所有数组想要查看数组中的具体元素
	 * 需要使用数组的工具类Arrays的toString(数组名)方法
	 * 注意:Arrays使用时需要导包
	 * */</span>
	String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> s <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span><span class="token string">"a"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">"b"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">"c"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	
	<span class="token comment">//4.查看数组的长度--数组中存放元素的个数</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c2<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

1.6 数组的遍历

遍历:从头到尾,依次访问数组每一个位置,获取每一个位置的元素.形式如下:
我们通过数组的下标操作数组,所以for循环变量操作的也是数组下标

开始:开始下标0 结束:结束下标length-1 如何变化:++
for(从下标为0的位置开始 ; 下标的取值 <= 数组的长度-1 ; 下标++){
循环体;
}`

1.7 练习-1：输出每个月的天数

创建类: TestArrayExec.java

package cn.tedu.array;
/**本类用于练习数组的遍历
 * 需求:输出一年中每个月份的天数
 * */
public class TestArrayExec {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		m ();//本方法用于输出每个月的天数,快速修复快捷键Ctrl+1
	}
	//打印需求:例如 1月有31天
	public static void m () {
		//1.创建数组用来存12个月的天数
		int[] a = {31,28,31,30,31,30,30,31,30,31,30,31};
	<span class="token comment">//2.输出每个月的天数打印到控制台</span>
	<span class="token comment">//数组的遍历--通过循环的方式--操作的是数组的下标</span>
	<span class="token comment">//循环开始:a[0]--数组中的第一个元素</span>
	<span class="token comment">//循环结束:a[a.length-1]--数组中的最后一个元素</span>
	<span class="token comment">//如何变化:++</span>
	<span class="token comment">//for(int i = 0 ; i &lt;=a.length-1 ; i++) {<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length <span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">//a[i]--根据下标i来获取数组a中对应位置上元素的值</span>
		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token string">"月有:"</span><span class="token operator">+</span>a<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token string">"天"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

1.8 练习-2：遍历数组，存入1到10

//需求:遍历数组,存入1-10
	public static void m2() {
		//1.创建数组--动态创建
		int[] a = new int[10];
	<span class="token comment">//2.遍历数组,依次给每个位置赋值</span>
	<span class="token comment">//循环开始:a[0]--数组中的第一个元素</span>
	<span class="token comment">//循环结束:a[a.length-1]--数组中的最后一个元素</span>
	<span class="token comment">//如何变化:++</span>
	<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">//a[i]--根据下标i来获取数组a中对应位置上元素的值</span>
		a<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> i<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token comment">//for循环结束</span>
	<span class="token comment">//3.在存入10个数据之后,打印a数组</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//[I@15db9742</span>
	<span class="token comment">//除了char类型的数组,其他类型的数组想要查看具体内容需要借助工具类Arrays</span>
	<span class="token comment">//Arrays.toString(要打印的数组的名字)来查看数组中的具体内容</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]</span>
	
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

1.9 练习-3：创建随机数组

需求:创建数组,数组中的内容是100以内的随机数

public static void m3() {
	//1.创建数组--动态
	int[] a = new int[10];
	//2.遍历数组,给数组中的每个元素赋值
	for(int i = 0 ; i <a.length ; i++) {
		//100是自定义的数据,表示生成的随机整数的范围是[0,100)
		a[i] = new Random().nextInt(100);
		//a[i] = new Random().nextInt(100)+1;//取值范围前后都+1-->[1,101)
	}
	//3.使用数组的工具类查看数组中的元素
	System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
}

 
 
 
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2 数组工具类Arrays

2.1 Arrays.toString(数组)

把数组里的数据,用逗号连接成一个字符串[值1,值2]

 
 
 
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2.2 Arrays.sort(数组)

对数组进行排序,对于基本类型的数组使用的是优化后的快速排序算法,效率高
对引用类型数组,使用的是优化后的合并排序算法

 
 
 
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2.3 练习：练习Arrays.sort(数组)

创建类: TestArraysSort.java

package cn.tedu.array;

import java.util.Arrays;

/*本类用于测试数组的工具类Arrays/
public class TestArraysSort {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建无序数组
int[] a = { 21,96,75,23,25};

	<span class="token comment">//底层使用的排序算法是进行优化后的快速排序算法</span>
	Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//对无序数组进行直接排序</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

2.4 Arrays.copyOf(数组，新的长度)

把数组赋值成一个指定长度的新数组
新数组的长度大于原数组, 相当于复制,并增加位置
新数组的长度小于原数组, 相当于截取一部分数据

2.5 练习：练习Arrays. copyOf(数组，新的长度)

创建类: TestArraysCopyOf.java

package cn.tedu.array;

import java.util.Arrays;

/*本类用于测试数组的工具类Arrays/
public class TestArraysCopyOf {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建无序数组
int[] from = { 1,2,3,4,5};//数组一旦创建,长度不可改变

	<span class="token comment">//2.1数组的普通复制</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> to <span class="token operator">=</span> Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">copyOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>from<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//需要复制哪个数组,复制的长度</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>to<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	
	<span class="token comment">//2.2 数组的扩容</span>
	<span class="token comment">//先创建对应长度的新数组,然后复制原数组的数据,不足的即为默认值,此处int[]的默认值是0</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> to2 <span class="token operator">=</span> Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">copyOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>from<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//需要复制哪个数组,复制的长度</span>
	
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>to2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	
	<span class="token comment">//2.3 数组的缩容</span>
	<span class="token comment">//先创建对应长度的新数组,然后按照参数个数复制原数组中的数据,类似截取</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> to3 <span class="token operator">=</span> Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">copyOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>from<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//需要复制哪个数组,复制的长度</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>to3<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	
	<span class="token comment">//2.4指定首尾截取数组中的元素</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> to4 <span class="token operator">=</span> Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">copyOfRange</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>from<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>to4<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

3 拓展之二维数组

3.1 概念

存放数组的数组，也就是说数组里存的还是数组的数据形式
二维数组图示

3.2 创建二维数组

int[][] a = { {3,5},{7,9},{1,2}};
–创建外部数组,长度是3
–给每个外部数组的位置创建内部数组,每个内部数组的长度是2
–给每个内部数组进行数据初始化
–二维数组生成唯一的地址值
–把地址值交给引用类型变量a来保存

3.3 遍历二维数组

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {//遍历外部数组
for (int j = 0; j < a[i].length; j++) {//遍历内部数组
System.out.println(a[i][j]);//依次打印二维数组中每个元素的值
}
}

3.4 打印二维数组中的数据

package cn.tedu.array;

import java.util.Arrays;

/*本类用于打印二维数组中的数据/
public class TestArrays2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建二维数组
// 3 5
//a[0][0] a[0][1]
// 7 9
//[1][0] a[1][1]
// 1 2 3
//a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2]
int[][] a = { { 3,5},{ 7,9},{ 1,2,3}};

	<span class="token comment">//2.遍历二维数组</span>
	<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

// System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a[i]));
for (int j = 0; j < a[i].length; j++) {
//a[i][j]–根据外部数组的下标和内部数组的下标定位具体的元素
System.out.print(a[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}