第1课 单词
学会精读:
真正读懂真题中原文、问题、选项的意思。
真正读懂:
我们理解的意思=作者想表达的意思。
如何做到:
遵守同样的规则。
语境义的确定
➢ 语境
语言环境 / 上下文
➢ 词组: library books
➢ 小句: I'd like to book a table for two for 8 o'clock tonight.
➢ 句子: I'd like to go but I'm booked up.
➢ 段落: …
➢ 篇章: …
(非语言环境):周围,社会文化
➢ 语境义
在一定语境之下,唯一正确的意思,即作者的意思。
➢ 唯一:有且只有一个意思,否则是歧义或者双关。
➢ 正确:符合词汇和语法的要求。
➢ 作者的意思:读者和作者遵循同一套规则。
➢ 确定方法
➢ 单词:提供备选意思 (单义词,多义词)
➢ 语法:配合单词的意思
✓ 词性(名代数,形动副,连冠介感)
✓ 用法(名词,动词,形容词,副词)
✓ 句子结构(简单句句型)
• You can't make him go if he doesn't want to.
• What make is your laptop?
➢ 搭配:其他单词的配合
✓ 名词(动词,形容词,副词)+ 修饰语
• the bitter cold of winter
• effectively communicate with others
• terribly sorry
• perfectly well
✓ 名词 + 动词
• Does this train go to Newcastle?
• This road goes to Birmingham.
• How did your French test go?
✓ 动词 + 名词
• play cards
• play the hero
• play a joke
➢ 概率:不同意思出现的概率不一样
✓ 词义概率
• He left the house by the back door.
✓ 语法概率
• While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available.
➢ 逻辑:上下文连贯衔接
✓ 词义概率
• He left the house by the back door.
✓ 语法概率
• While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available.
➢ 主题:主题与单词意思统一
✓ 同义,反义,解释,举例,转折等
• A friend or foe?
• They asked him to leave—in other words he was fired.
注意:
➢ 单词不认识,可以猜测词义
➢ 综合可用方法,互相验证
➢ 重视词组,以记忆代替理解
例题
第2课 词组
➢ 词组概述
词组定义: 由两个或多个词构成的语法单位。也叫短语。
词组种类: 名词词汇,动词词组,形容词词组,副词词组,介词词组
词组意义: 词义+语法;语境;最小意群;理想记忆对象
➢ 词组构成
中心词+(修饰词)
名词词组: (限定词)+(修饰词)+名词+(修饰词)
限定词: a, an, the; my, this, John’s; one, first; all, some…
例子:
her happy success
a surprising success
the success ahead
the first team success
success in everything
动词词组: (修饰词)+动词+(修饰词)
例子:
gradually succeed
succeed quickly in your tasks
succeed to the throne
work out, pay off
(谓语动词 vs. 非谓语动词)
形容词词组: (修饰词)+形容词+(修饰词)
例子:
highly successful in their career
successful enough
副词词组: (修饰词)+副词+(修饰词)
例子:
extremely successfully
successfully indeed
successfully in the past
介词词组: (修饰词)+介词+名词
例子:
mainly for success
➢ 词组作用
➢ 广义词组
中心词+(修饰词组)
名词词组: (限定词)+(修饰词组)+名词+(修饰词组)
动词词组: (修饰词组)+动词+(修饰词组)
形容词词组: (修饰词组)+形容词+(修饰词组)
副词词组: (修饰词组)+副词+(修饰词组)
介词词组: (修饰词组)+介词+名词
嵌套:词组里面含词组
搭配:多个词、词组经常用在一起
be good at sth.
work on sth.
manage to do sth.
take care of sb.
regard sth as sth.
(词组,短语,表达方式,结构)
➢ 词组定界
语法原则:优先
词性 —— 决定每个词所能起到的作用
语序 —— 词和词的位置关系
句型 —— 每个词组都作成分,发挥作用
标点 —— 有标点隔开,不属于一个词组
例: The young man, one of my friends, really likes English books.
语义原则:其次
合理 —— 多种可能的语法组合,取符合逻辑的
例: He likes English and Chinese books.
记忆原则:终极
语感 —— 记住常见词组搭配,整体识别
例: He is perfectly capable of looking after himself.
第3课 同义转述
同义转述策略
- 词性:改变核心词汇的词性,意思保持不变。(句子结构会发生相应变化)
- 近义:将核心词汇替换成近义词,基本意思保持不变。 (何为近义词?)
- 反义:将核心词汇替换成反义词加否定形式,基本意思保持不变。
- 语态:句子在主、被动语态之间转换,意思保持不变。句子结构会发生变化。
- 定性:概括具体的事物,用上义词表达其性质。
- 重构:重新表述原义,结构和表达方式有巨大差异。
第4课 复杂句式
一个要点: 名词(词组)
两条线索: 从属成分
相互关系
从解题视角来处理信息,以传统语法为基础。
第5课 段落层次
❖ 两种结构:总分、分总,(总分总)
❖ 八种段落展开方式:
转折、因果、并列、比较
解释、举例、递进、顺延
段落展开之逻辑连接语 句子. 逻辑连接语,句子
1. 转折:but; certainly…however; nevertheless; even so; despite that
2. 因果:therefore; consequently; hence; thus; as a result
3. 并列:first, second, … finally; for one thing, for another; also
4. 比较:similarly; likewise; by contrast; on the contrary; instead; rather
5. 解释:that is (to say); in other words; by that I mean;——;:;()
6. 举例:for example; for instance; imagine sth; consider sth
7. 递进:the primary reason is…; furthermore; worse still
8. 顺承: 无明显逻辑连接语
第6课 文章结构