一 Kubernetes 简介及部署方法
1 应用部署方式演变
在部署应用程序的方式上，主要经历了三个阶段：
传统部署：互联网早期，会直接将应用程序部署在物理机上
-
优点：简单，不需要其它技术的参与
-
缺点：不能为应用程序定义资源使用边界，很难合理地分配计算资源，而且程序之间容易产生影响
虚拟化部署：可以在一台物理机上运行多个虚拟机，每个虚拟机都是独立的一个环境
-
优点：程序环境不会相互产生影响，提供了一定程度的安全性
-
缺点：增加了操作系统，浪费了部分资源
容器化部署：与虚拟化类似，但是共享了操作系统
2 容器编排应用
为了解决这些容器编排问题，就产生了一些容器编排的软件：
- Swarm：Docker自己的容器编排工具
- Mesos：Apache的一个资源统一管控的工具，需要和Marathon结合使用
- Kubernetes：Google开源的的容器编排工具
3 kubernetes 简介
在Docker 作为高级容器引擎快速发展的同时，在Google内部，容器技术已经应用了很多年
Borg系统运行管理着成千上万的容器应用。
Kubernetes项目来源于Borg，可以说是集结了Borg设计思想的精华，并且吸收了Borg系统中的经验和教训。
Kubernetes对计算资源进行了更高层次的抽象，通过将容器进行细致的组合，将最终的应用服务交给用户。
kubernetes的本质是一组服务器集群，它可以在集群的每个节点上运行特定的程序，来对节点中的容器进行管理。目的是实现资源管理的自动化，主要提供了如下的主要功能：
- 自我修复：一旦某一个容器崩溃，能够在1秒中左右迅速启动新的容器
- 弹性伸缩：可以根据需要，自动对集群中正在运行的容器数量进行调整
- 服务发现：服务可以通过自动发现的形式找到它所依赖的服务
- 负载均衡：如果一个服务起动了多个容器，能够自动实现请求的负载均衡
- 版本回退：如果发现新发布的程序版本有问题，可以立即回退到原来的版本
- 存储编排：可以根据容器自身的需求自动创建存储卷
4 K8S的设计架构
一个kubernetes集群主要是由控制节点(master)、**工作节点(node)**构成，每个节点上都会安装不同的组件
1 master：集群的控制平面，负责集群的决策
-
ApiServer : 资源操作的唯一入口，接收用户输入的命令，提供认证、授权、API注册和发现等机制
-
Scheduler : 负责集群资源调度，按照预定的调度策略将Pod调度到相应的node节点上
-
ControllerManager : 负责维护集群的状态，比如程序部署安排、故障检测、自动扩展、滚动更新等
-
Etcd ：负责存储集群中各种资源对象的信息
2 node：集群的数据平面，负责为容器提供运行环境
- kubelet：负责维护容器的生命周期，同时也负责Volume（CVI）和网络（CNI）的管理
- Container runtime：负责镜像管理以及Pod和容器的真正运行（CRI）
- kube-proxy：负责为Service提供cluster内部的服务发现和负载均衡
K8S 各组件之间的调用关系
当我们要运行一个web服务时
-
kubernetes环境启动之后，master和node都会将自身的信息存储到etcd数据库中
-
web服务的安装请求会首先被发送到master节点的apiServer组件
-
apiServer组件会调用scheduler组件来决定到底应该把这个服务安装到哪个node节点上
在此时，它会从etcd中读取各个node节点的信息，然后按照一定的算法进行选择，并将结果告知apiServer
-
apiServer调用controller-manager去调度Node节点安装web服务
-
kubelet接收到指令后，会通知docker，然后由docker来启动一个web服务的pod
-
如果需要访问web服务，就需要通过kube-proxy来对pod产生访问的代理
K8S 的 常用名词感念
-
aster**：集群控制节点，每个集群需要至少一个master节点负责集群的管控
-
Node：工作负载节点，由master分配容器到这些node工作节点上，然后node节点上的
-
Pod：kubernetes的最小控制单元，容器都是运行在pod中的，一个pod中可以有1个或者多个容器
-
Controller：控制器，通过它来实现对pod的管理，比如启动pod、停止pod、伸缩pod的数量等等
-
Service：pod对外服务的统一入口，下面可以维护者同一类的多个pod
-
Label：标签，用于对pod进行分类，同一类pod会拥有相同的标签
-
NameSpace：命名空间，用来隔离pod的运行环境
k8S的分层架构
- 核心层：Kubernetes最核心的功能，对外提供API构建高层的应用，对内提供插件式应用执行环境
- 应用层：部署（无状态应用、有状态应用、批处理任务、集群应用等）和路由（服务发现、DNS解析等）
- 管理层：系统度量（如基础设施、容器和网络的度量），自动化（如自动扩展、动态Provision等）以及策略管理（RBAC、Quota、PSP、NetworkPolicy等）
- 接口层：kubectl命令行工具、客户端SDK以及集群联邦
- 生态系统：在接口层之上的庞大容器集群管理调度的生态系统，可以划分为两个范畴
- Kubernetes外部：日志、监控、配置管理、CI、CD、Workflow、FaaS、OTS应用、ChatOps等
- Kubernetes内部：CRI、CNI、CVI、镜像仓库、Cloud Provider、集群自身的配置和管理等
k8s 集群部署
所有禁用swap和本地解析
]# systemctl mask swap.target
]# swapoff -a
]# vim /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sun Feb 19 17:38:40 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/rhel-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=ddb06c77-c9da-4e92-afd7-53cd76e6a94a /boot xfs defaults 0 0
#/dev/mapper/rhel-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/cdrom /media iso9660 defaults 0 0
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.101.143 lcw
192.168.101.143 lcw
192.168.101.150 lcw
192.168.101.143 lcw
192.168.101.150 lcw
192.168.101.110 master
192.168.101.100 master.jxe.org
192.168.101.110 k8s-1.jxe.org
192.168.101.120 k8s-2.jxe.org
192.168.101.200 reg.jxe.org
~
所有安装docker
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/docker.repo
[docker]
name=docker
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/rhel/9/x86_64/stable/
gpgcheck=0
[root@k8s-master ~]# dnf install docker-ce -y
所有节点设定docker的资源管理模式为system
root@k8s-master ~]# vim /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://reg.timinglee.org"],
"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
"log-driver": "json-file",
"log-opts": {
"max-size": "100m"
},
"storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
所有阶段复制harbor仓库中的证书并启动docker
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker login reg.timinglee.org
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker info
Client: Docker Engine - Community
Version: 27.1.2
Context: default
Debug Mode: false
Plugins:
buildx: Docker Buildx (Docker Inc.)
Version: v0.16.2
Path: /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
compose: Docker Compose (Docker Inc.)
Version: v2.29.1
Path: /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-compose
Server:
Containers: 0
Running: 0
Paused: 0
Stopped: 0
Images: 0
Server Version: 27.1.2
Storage Driver: overlay2
Backing Filesystem: xfs
Supports d_type: true
Using metacopy: false
Native Overlay Diff: true
userxattr: false
Logging Driver: json-file
Cgroup Driver: systemd #资源管理更改为systemd
Cgroup Version: 2
Plugins:
Volume: local
Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local splunk syslog
Swarm: inactive
Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 runc
Default Runtime: runc
Init Binary: docker-init
containerd version: 8fc6bcff51318944179630522a095cc9dbf9f353
runc version: v1.1.13-0-g58aa920
init version: de40ad0
Security Options:
seccomp
Profile: builtin
cgroupns
Kernel Version: 5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4.x86_64
Operating System: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 (Plow)
OSType: linux
Architecture: x86_64
CPUs: 1
Total Memory: 736.3MiB
Name: k8s-master.timinglee.org
ID: f3c291bf-287d-4cf6-8e69-5f21c79fa7c6
Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
Debug Mode: false
Experimental: false
Insecure Registries:
127.0.0.0/8
Registry Mirrors:
https://reg.westos.org/ #认证harbor仓库
Live Restore Enabled: false
安装K8S部署工具
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/k8s.repo
[k8s]
name=k8s
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes-new/core/stable/v1.30/rpm
gpgcheck=0
#安装软件
[root@k8s-master ~]# dnf install kubelet-1.30.0 kubeadm-1.30.0 kubectl-1.30.0 -y
在所节点安装cri-docker
[root@k8s-master ~]# dnf install libcgroup-0.41-19.el8.x86_64.rpm \
> cri-dockerd-0.3.14-3.el8.x86_64.rpm -y
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim /lib/systemd/system/cri-docker.service
[Unit]
Description=CRI Interface for Docker Application Container Engine
Documentation=https://docs.mirantis.com
After=network-online.target firewalld.service docker.service
Wants=network-online.target
Requires=cri-docker.socket
[Service]
Type=notify
#指定网络插件名称及基础容器镜像
ExecStart=/usr/bin/cri-dockerd --container-runtime-endpoint fd:// --network-plugin=cni --pod-infra-container-image=reg.timinglee.org/k8s/pause:3.9
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
TimeoutSec=0
RestartSec=2
Restart=always
[root@k8s-master ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@k8s-master ~]# systemctl start cri-docker
[root@k8s-master ~]# ll /var/run/cri-dockerd.sock
srw-rw---- 1 root docker 0 8月 26 22:14 /var/run/cri-dockerd.sock #cri-dockerd的套接字文件
在master节点拉取K8S所需镜像
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm config images pull \
--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
--kubernetes-version v1.30.0 \
--cri-socket=unix:///var/run/cri-dockerd.sock
#上传镜像到harbor仓库
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker images | awk '/google/{ print $1":"$2}' \
| awk -F "/" '{system("docker tag "$0" reg.timinglee.org/k8s/"$3)}'
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker images | awk '/k8s/{system("docker push "$1":"$2)}'
集群初始化
#启动kubelet服务
[root@k8s-master ~]# systemctl status kubelet.service
#执行初始化命令
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
--image-repository reg.timinglee.org/k8s \
--kubernetes-version v1.30.0 \
--crisocket=unix:///var/run/cri-dockerd.sock
#指定集群配置文件变量
[root@k8s-master ~]# echo "export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf" >> ~/.bash_profile
source ~/.bash_profile
#当前节点没有就绪，因为还没有安装网络插件，容器没有运行
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get node
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master.timinglee.org NotReady control-plane 4m25s v1.30.0
root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -A
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system coredns-647dc95897-2sgn8 0/1 Pending 0 6m13s
kube-system coredns-647dc95897-bvtxb 0/1 Pending 0 6m13s
kube-system etcd-k8s-master.timinglee.org 1/1 Running 0 6m29s
kube-system kube-apiserver-k8s-master.timinglee.org 1/1 Running 0 6m30s
kube-system kube-controller-manager-k8s-master.timinglee.org 1/1 Running 0 6m29s
kube-system kube-proxy-fq85m 1/1 Running 0 6m14s
kube-system kube-scheduler-k8s-master.timinglee.org 1/1 Running 0 6m29s
安装flannel网络插件
#下载flannel的yaml部署文件
[root@k8s-master ~]# wget https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/releases/latest/download/kube-flannel.yml
#下载镜像：
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker pull docker.io/flannel/flannel:v0.25.5
[root@k8s-master ~]# docekr docker.io/flannel/flannel-cni-plugin:v1.5.1-flannel1
#上传镜像到仓库
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker tag flannel/flannel:v0.25.5 \
reg.timinglee.org/flannel/flannel:v0.25.5
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker push reg.timinglee.org/flannel/flannel:v0.25.5
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker tag flannel/flannel-cni-plugin:v1.5.1-flannel1 \
reg.timinglee.org/flannel/flannel-cni-plugin:v1.5.1-flannel1
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker push reg.timinglee.org/flannel/flannel-cni-plugin:v1.5.1-flannel1
#编辑kube-flannel.yml 修改镜像下载位置
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim kube-flannel.yml
#需要修改以下几行
[root@k8s-master ~]# grep -n image kube-flannel.yml
146: image: reg.timinglee.org/flannel/flannel:v0.25.5
173: image: reg.timinglee.org/flannel/flannel-cni-plugin:v1.5.1-flannel1
184: image: reg.timinglee.org/flannel/flannel:v0.25.5
#安装flannel网络插件
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml
二、kubernetes 中的资源
资源管理介绍
- 在kubernetes中，所有的内容都抽象为资源，用户需要通过操作资源来管理kubernetes。
- kubernetes的本质上就是一个集群系统，用户可以在集群中部署各种服务
- 所谓的部署服务，其实就是在kubernetes集群中运行一个个的容器，并将指定的程序跑在容器中。
- kubernetes的最小管理单元是pod而不是容器，只能将容器放在
Pod中， - kubernetes一般也不会直接管理Pod，而是通过
Pod控制器来管理Pod的。 - Pod中服务的访问是由kubernetes提供的
Service资源来实现。 - Pod中程序的数据需要持久化是由kubernetes提供的各种存储系统来实现
资源管理方式
-
命令式对象管理：直接使用命令去操作kubernetes资源
kubectl run nginx-pod --image=nginx:latest --port=80 -
命令式对象配置：通过命令配置和配置文件去操作kubernetes资源
kubectl create/patch -f nginx-pod.yaml -
声明式对象配置：通过apply命令和配置文件去操作kubernetes资源
kubectl apply -f nginx-pod.yaml
| 类型 | 适用环境 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 命令式对象管理 | 测试 | 简单 | 只能操作活动对象，无法审计、跟踪 |
| 命令式对象配置 | 开发 | 可以审计、跟踪 | 项目大时，配置文件多，操作麻烦 |
| 声明式对象配置 | 开发 | 支持目录操作 | 意外情况下难以调试 |
命令式对象管理
kubectl是kubernetes集群的命令行工具，通过它能够对集群本身进行管理，并能够在集群上进行容器化应用的安装部署
kubectl命令的语法如下：
kubectl [command] [type] [name] [flags]
comand：指定要对资源执行的操作，例如create、get、delete
type：指定资源类型，比如deployment、pod、service
name：指定资源的名称，名称大小写敏感
flags：指定额外的可选参数
# 查看所有pod
kubectl get pod
# 查看某个pod
kubectl get pod pod_name
# 查看某个pod,以yaml格式展示结果
kubectl get pod pod_name -o yaml
资源类型
kubernetes中所有的内容都抽象为资源
kubectl api-resources
基本命令示例
#显示集群版本
[root@master ~]# kubectl version
Client Version: v1.30.0
Kustomize Version: v5.0.4-0.20230601165947-6ce0bf390ce3
The connection to the server 192.168.101.100:6443 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
#显示集群信息
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes control plane is running at https://172.25.254.100:6443
CoreDNS is running at https://172.25.254.100:6443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy
#创建一个webcluster控制器，控制器中pod数量为2
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create deployment webcluseter --image nginx --replicas 2
#查看资源帮助
#查看资源帮助
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl explain deployment
GROUP: apps
KIND: Deployment
VERSION: v1
DESCRIPTION:
Deployment enables declarative updates for Pods and ReplicaSets.
FIELDS:
apiVersion <string>
APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object.
Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and
may reject unrecognized values. More info:
https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources
kind <string>
Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object
represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits
requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info:
https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds
metadata <ObjectMeta>
Standard object's metadata. More info:
https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata
spec <DeploymentSpec>
Specification of the desired behavior of the Deployment.
status <DeploymentStatus>
Most recently observed status of the Deployment.
#查看控制器参数帮助
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl explain deployment.spec
GROUP: apps
KIND: Deployment
VERSION: v1
FIELD: spec <DeploymentSpec>
DESCRIPTION:
Specification of the desired behavior of the Deployment.
DeploymentSpec is the specification of the desired behavior of the
Deployment.
FIELDS:
minReadySeconds <integer>
Minimum number of seconds for which a newly created pod should be ready
without any of its container crashing, for it to be considered available.
Defaults to 0 (pod will be considered available as soon as it is ready)
paused <boolean>
Indicates that the deployment is paused.
progressDeadlineSeconds <integer>
The maximum time in seconds for a deployment to make progress before it is
considered to be failed. The deployment controller will continue to process
failed deployments and a condition with a ProgressDeadlineExceeded reason
will be surfaced in the deployment status. Note that progress will not be
estimated during the time a deployment is paused. Defaults to 600s.
replicas <integer>
Number of desired pods. This is a pointer to distinguish between explicit
zero and not specified. Defaults to 1.
revisionHistoryLimit <integer>
The number of old ReplicaSets to retain to allow rollback. This is a pointer
to distinguish between explicit zero and not specified. Defaults to 10.
selector <LabelSelector> -required-
Label selector for pods. Existing ReplicaSets whose pods are selected by
this will be the ones affected by this deployment. It must match the pod
template's labels.
strategy <DeploymentStrategy>
The deployment strategy to use to replace existing pods with new ones.
template <PodTemplateSpec> -required-
Template describes the pods that will be created. The only allowed
template.spec.restartPolicy value is "Always".
#编辑控制器配置
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl edit deployments.apps web
@@@@省略内容@@@@@@
spec:
progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
replicas: 2
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get deployments.apps
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
web 2/2 2 2 73m
#利用补丁更改控制器配置
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl patch deployments.apps web -p '{"spec":{"replicas":4}}'
deployment.apps/web patched
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get deployments.apps
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
web 4/4 4 4 74m
#删除资源
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl delete deployments.apps web
deployment.apps "web" deleted
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get deployments.apps
No resources found in default namespace.
pod管理与优化
Pod 是 Kubernetes（K8s）中最小的部署和调度单元，而非单个容器 —— 它是一组（一个或多个）紧密关联的容器的集合，这些容器共享网络、存储资源和运行时环境，在逻辑上视为一个 “应用实例” 协同工作。
- 容器组合性
Pod 内的容器共享同一网络命名空间，拥有相同的 IP 地址和端口空间，可通过localhost直接通信，且共享Volume，便于数据交互。 - 资源共享边界
Pod 是资源分配的基本单位（而非容器），K8s 会为 Pod 分配 CPU、内存等资源，Pod 内的所有容器共同竞争这些资源（可通过resources为单个容器设置资源限制）。 - 生命周期与调度绑定
Pod 作为一个整体被 K8s 调度到集群的某个Node上，其内部所有容器始终运行在同一节点；若 Pod 被删除、重启或调度迁移，所有容器会同步操作，不会单独拆分。
自主式pod创建
优点：
- 灵活性高：可以精确控制 Pod 的各种配置参数，包括容器的镜像、资源限制、环境变量、命令和参数等，满足特定的应用需求。
- 学习和调试方便：对于学习 Kubernetes 的原理和机制非常有帮助，通过手动创建 Pod 可以深入了解 Pod 的结构和配置方式。在调试问题时，可以更直接地观察和调整 Pod 的设置。
- 适用于特殊场景：在一些特殊情况下，如进行一次性任务、快速验证概念或在资源受限的环境中进行特定配置时，手动创建 Pod 可能是一种有效的方式。
缺点：
- 管理复杂：如果需要管理大量的 Pod，手动创建和维护会变得非常繁琐和耗时。难以实现自动化的扩缩容、故障恢复等操作。
- 缺乏高级功能：无法自动享受 Kubernetes 提供的高级功能，如自动部署、滚动更新、服务发现等。这可能导致应用的部署和管理效率低下。
- 可维护性差：手动创建的 Pod 在更新应用版本或修改配置时需要手动干预，容易出现错误，并且难以保证一致性。相比之下，通过声明式配置或使用 Kubernetes 的部署工具可以更方便地进行应用的维护和更新。
#查看所有pods
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
No resources found in default namespace.
#建立一个名为app的pod
[root@master ~]# kubectl run app --image myapp:v1
pod/app created
#查看
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
app 1/1 Running 0 4s
#显示pod的较为详细的信息
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
app 1/1 Running 0 95s 10.244.231.200 k8s-1 <none> <none>
#删除
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete pod app
pod "app" deleted
利用控制器管理pod（推荐）
高可用性和可靠性：
- 自动故障恢复：如果一个 Pod 失败或被删除，控制器会自动创建新的 Pod 来维持期望的副本数量。确保应用始终处于可用状态，减少因单个 Pod 故障导致的服务中断。
- 健康检查和自愈：可以配置控制器对 Pod 进行健康检查（如存活探针和就绪探针）。如果 Pod 不健康，控制器会采取适当的行动，如重启 Pod 或删除并重新创建它，以保证应用的正常运行。
可扩展性：
- 轻松扩缩容：可以通过简单的命令或配置更改来增加或减少 Pod 的数量，以满足不同的工作负载需求。例如，在高流量期间可以快速扩展以处理更多请求，在低流量期间可以缩容以节省资源。
- 水平自动扩缩容（HPA）：可以基于自定义指标（如 CPU 利用率、内存使用情况或应用特定的指标）自动调整 Pod 的数量，实现动态的资源分配和成本优化。
版本管理和更新：
- 滚动更新：对于 Deployment 等控制器，可以执行滚动更新来逐步替换旧版本的 Pod 为新版本，确保应用在更新过程中始终保持可用。可以控制更新的速率和策略，以减少对用户的影响。
- 回滚：如果更新出现问题，可以轻松回滚到上一个稳定版本，保证应用的稳定性和可靠性。
声明式配置：
- 简洁的配置方式：使用 YAML 或 JSON 格式的声明式配置文件来定义应用的部署需求。这种方式使得配置易于理解、维护和版本控制，同时也方便团队协作。
- 期望状态管理：只需要定义应用的期望状态（如副本数量、容器镜像等），控制器会自动调整实际状态与期望状态保持一致。无需手动管理每个 Pod 的创建和删除，提高了管理效率。
服务发现和负载均衡：
- 自动注册和发现：Kubernetes 中的服务（Service）可以自动发现由控制器管理的 Pod，并将流量路由到它们。这使得应用的服务发现和负载均衡变得简单和可靠，无需手动配置负载均衡器。
- 流量分发：可以根据不同的策略（如轮询、随机等）将请求分发到不同的 Pod，提高应用的性能和可用性。
多环境一致性：
- 一致的部署方式：在不同的环境（如开发、测试、生产）中，可以使用相同的控制器和配置来部署应用，确保应用在不同环境中的行为一致。这有助于减少部署差异和错误，提高开发和运维效率。
#创建控制器
[root@master ~]# kubectl create deployment app --image myapp:v1
deployment.apps/app created
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
app-fbf9c96c4-vm4kv 1/1 Running 0 5s
#扩容
[root@master ~]# kubectl scale deployment app --replicas 4
deployment.apps/app scaled
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
app-fbf9c96c4-5chcb 1/1 Running 0 4s
app-fbf9c96c4-djgg5 1/1 Running 0 4s
app-fbf9c96c4-td9ff 1/1 Running 0 4s
app-fbf9c96c4-vm4kv 1/1 Running 0 63s
示例1：运行简单的单个容器pod
[root@master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: jxe
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: vol1
volumes:
- name: vol1
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: pvc1
~
示例2：运行多个容器pod
#一个端口干扰示例：
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: timing
name: timinglee
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:latest
name: web1
- image: nginx:latest
name: web2
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/timinglee created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
timinglee 1/2 Error 1 (14s ago) 18s
#查看日志
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl logs timinglee web2
2024/08/31 12:43:20 [emerg] 1#1: bind() to [::]:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to [::]:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
2024/08/31 12:43:20 [notice] 1#1: try again to bind() after 500ms
2024/08/31 12:43:20 [emerg] 1#1: still co
理解pod间的网络整合
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: timinglee
name: test
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: myapp1
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: busyboxplus
command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 1000000"]
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/test created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
test 2/2 Running 0 8s
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl exec test -c busyboxplus -- curl -s localhost
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
示例4：端口映射
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: timinglee
name: test
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: myapp1
ports:
- name: http
containerPort: 80
hostPort: 80
protocol: TCP
#测试
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/test created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
test 1/1 Running 0 12s 10.244.1.2 k8s-node1.timinglee.org <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl k8s-node1.timinglee.org
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
示例5：如何设定环境变量
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: timinglee
name: test
spec:
containers:
- image: busybox:latest
name: busybox
command: ["/bin/sh","-c","echo $NAME;sleep 3000000"]
env:
- name: NAME
value: timinglee
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/test created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl logs pods/test busybox
timinglee
示例6：资源限制
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: timinglee
name: test
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: myapp
resources:
limits: #pod使用资源的最高限制
cpu: 500m
memory: 100M
requests: #pod期望使用资源量，不能大于limits
cpu: 500m
memory: 100M
root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/test created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
test 1/1 Running 0 3s
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe pods test
Limits:
cpu: 500m
memory: 100M
Requests:
cpu: 500m
memory: 100M
QoS Class: Guaranteed
示例8 选择运行节点
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: timinglee
name: test
spec:
nodeSelector:
kubernetes.io/hostname: k8s-node1
restartPolicy: Always
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: myapp
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/test created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
test 1/1 Running 0 21s 10.244.1.5 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
示例9 共享宿主机网络
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: timinglee
name: test
spec:
hostNetwork: true
restartPolicy: Always
containers:
- image: busybox:latest
name: busybox
command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 100000"]
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/test created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl exec -it pods/test -c busybox -- /bin/sh
/ # ifconfig
cni0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr E6:D4:AA:81:12:B4
inet addr:10.244.2.1 Bcast:10.244.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::e4d4:aaff:fe81:12b4/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1450 Metric:1
RX packets:6259 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:6495 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:506704 (494.8 KiB) TX bytes:625439 (610.7 KiB)
docker0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 02:42:99:4A:30:DC
inet addr:172.17.0.1 Bcast:172.17.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:6A:A8:61
inet addr:172.25.254.20 Bcast:172.25.254.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::8ff3:f39c:dc0c:1f0e/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:27858 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:14454 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:26591259 (25.3 MiB) TX bytes:1756895 (1.6 MiB)
flannel.1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr EA:36:60:20:12:05
inet addr:10.244.2.0 Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.255
inet6 addr: fe80::e836:60ff:fe20:1205/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1450 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:40 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:163 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:163 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:13630 (13.3 KiB) TX bytes:13630 (13.3 KiB)
veth9a516531 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 7A:92:08:90:DE:B2
inet6 addr: fe80::7892:8ff:fe90:deb2/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1450 Metric:1
RX packets:6236 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:6476 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:592532 (578.6 KiB) TX bytes:622765 (608.1 KiB)
/ # exit
pod的生命周期
INIT 容器
Pod 可以包含多个容器，应用运行在这些容器里面，同时 Pod 也可以有一个或多个先于应用容器启动的 Init 容器。
-
Pod 可以包含多个容器，应用运行在这些容器里面，同时 Pod 也可以有一个或多个先于应用容器启动的 Init 容器。
-
Init 容器与普通的容器非常像，除了如下两点：
-
它们总是运行到完成
-
init 容器不支持 Readiness，因为它们必须在 Pod 就绪之前运行完成，每个 Init 容器必须运行成功，下一个才能够运行。
-
-
如果Pod的 Init 容器失败，Kubernetes 会不断地重启该 Pod，直到 Init 容器成功为止。但是，如果 Pod 对应的 restartPolicy 值为 Never，它不会重新启动。
INIT 容器的功能
- Init 容器可以包含一些安装过程中应用容器中不存在的实用工具或个性化代码。
- Init 容器可以安全地运行这些工具，避免这些工具导致应用镜像的安全性降低。
- 应用镜像的创建者和部署者可以各自独立工作，而没有必要联合构建一个单独的应用镜像。
- Init 容器能以不同于Pod内应用容器的文件系统视图运行。因此，Init容器可具有访问 Secrets 的权限，而应用容器不能够访问。
- 由于 Init 容器必须在应用容器启动之前运行完成，因此 Init 容器提供了一种机制来阻塞或延迟应用容器的启动，直到满足了一组先决条件。一旦前置条件满足，Pod内的所有的应用容器会并行启动。
INIT 容器示例
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
name: initpod
name: initpod
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: myapp
initContainers:
- name: init-myservice
image: busybox
command: ["sh","-c","until test -e /testfile;do echo wating for myservice; sleep 2;done"]
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
pod/initpod created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
initpod 0/1 Init:0/1 0 3s
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl logs pods/initpod init-myservice
wating for myservice
wating for myservice
wating for myservice
wating for myservice
wating for myservice
wating for myservice
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl exec pods/initpod -c init-myservice -- /bin/sh -c "touch /testfile"
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
initpod 1/1 Running 0 62s
三、k8s的控制器
控制器也是管理pod的一种手段
- 自主式pod：pod退出或意外关闭后不会被重新创建
- 控制器管理的 Pod：在控制器的生命周期里，始终要维持 Pod 的副本数目
Pod控制器是管理pod的中间层，使用Pod控制器之后，只需要告诉Pod控制器，想要多少个什么样的Pod就可以了，它会创建出满足条件的Pod并确保每一个Pod资源处于用户期望的目标状态。如果Pod资源在运行中出现故障，它会基于指定策略重新编排Pod
建立控制器后，会把期望值写入etcd，k8s中的apiserver检索etcd中我们保存的期望状态，并对比pod的当前状态，如果出现差异代码自驱动立即
控制器常用类型
| 控制器名称 | 控制器用途 |
|---|---|
| Replication Controller | 比较原始的pod控制器，已经被废弃，由ReplicaSet替代 |
| ReplicaSet | ReplicaSet 确保任何时间都有指定数量的 Pod 副本在运行 |
| Deployment | 一个 Deployment 为 Pod 和 ReplicaSet 提供声明式的更新能力 |
| DaemonSet | DaemonSet 确保全指定节点上运行一个 Pod 的副本 |
| StatefulSet | StatefulSet 是用来管理有状态应用的工作负载 API 对象。 |
| Job | 执行批处理任务，仅执行一次任务，保证任务的一个或多个Pod成功结束 |
| CronJob | Cron Job 创建基于时间调度的 Jobs。 |
| HPA全称Horizontal Pod Autoscaler | 根据资源利用率自动调整service中Pod数量，实现Pod水平自动缩放 |
replicaset控制器
概述
ReplicaSet是kubernetes中的一种副本控制器，简称rs，主要作用是控制由其管理的pod，使pod副本的数量始终维持在预设的个数。它的主要作用就是保证一定数量的Pod能够在集群中正常运行，它会持续监听这些Pod的运行状态，在Pod发生故障时重启pod，pod数量减少时重新运行新的 Pod副本。官方推荐不要直接使用ReplicaSet，用Deployments取而代之，Deployments是比ReplicaSet更高级的概念，它会管理ReplicaSet并提供很多其它有用的特性，最重要的是Deployments支持声明式更新，声明式更新的好处是不会丢失历史变更。所以Deployment控制器不直接管理Pod对象，而是由 Deployment 管理ReplicaSet，再由ReplicaSet负责管理Pod对象。
replicaset功能
- ReplicaSet 是下一代的 Replication Controller，官方推荐使用ReplicaSet
- ReplicaSet和Replication Controller的唯一区别是选择器的支持，ReplicaSet支持新的基于集合的选择器需求
- ReplicaSet 确保任何时间都有指定数量的 Pod 副本在运行
- 虽然 ReplicaSets 可以独立使用，但今天它主要被Deployments 用作协调 Pod 创建、删除和更新的机制
replicaset 示例
#编写一个ReplicaSet资源清单
[root@master1 ~]# cat replicaset.yml
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: ReplicaSet
metadata:
name: frontend
labels:
app: nginx
tier: frontend
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
tier: frontend
template:
metadata:
labels:
tier: frontend
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f replicaset.yaml
replicaset.apps/frontend created
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
frontend-7rrp6 1/1 Running 0 9s
frontend-drmcf 1/1 Running 0 9s
frontend-qnlz6 1/1 Running 0 9s
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
frontend 3 3 3 41s
deployment 控制器
Deployment对象，顾名思义，是用于部署应用的对象。它使Kubernetes中最常用的一个对象，它为ReplicaSet和Pod的创建提供了一种声明式的定义方法，从而无需像前两篇文章中那样手动创建ReplicaSet和Pod对象（使用Deployment而不直接创建ReplicaSet是因为Deployment对象拥有许多ReplicaSet没有的特性，例如滚动升级和回滚）。
通过Deployment对象，你可以轻松的做到以下事情：
- 创建ReplicaSet和Pod
- 滚动升级（不停止旧服务的状态下升级）和回滚应用（将应用回滚到之前的版本）
- 平滑地扩容和缩容
- 暂停和继续Deployment
deployment控制器示例
kubectl create deployment deployment --image myapp:v1 --dry-run=client -o yaml > deployment.yml
[root@master ~]# vim deployment.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deployment
spec:
replicas: 4
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: myapp
生效
kubectl apply -f deployment.yml
查看
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
deployment-74d589986c-kxcvx 1/1 Running 0 2m11s
deployment-74d589986c-s277p 1/1 Running 0 2m11s
deployment-74d589986c-zlf8v 1/1 Running 0 2m11s
版本迭代
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
deployment-5d886954d4-2ckqw 1/1 Running 0 2m40s 10.244.2.14 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
deployment-5d886954d4-m8gpd 1/1 Running 0 2m40s 10.244.1.17 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
deployment-5d886954d4-s7pws 1/1 Running 0 2m40s 10.244.1.16 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
deployment-5d886954d4-wqnvv 1/1 Running 0 2m40s 10.244.2.15 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
#pod运行容器版本为v1
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.244.2.14
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe deployments.apps deployment
Name: deployment
Namespace: default
CreationTimestamp: Sun, 01 Sep 2024 23:19:10 +0800
Labels: <none>
Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 1
Selector: app=myapp
Replicas: 4 desired | 4 updated | 4 total | 4 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType: RollingUpdate
MinReadySeconds: 0
RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge #默认每次更新25%
#更新容器运行版本
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim deployment.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deployment
spec:
minReadySeconds: 5 #最小就绪时间5秒
replicas: 4
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v2 #更新为版本2
name: myapp
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl apply -f deployment-example.yaml
#更新过程
[root@k8s-master ~]# watch - n1 kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
deployment-5d886954d4-8kb28 1/1 Running 0 48s
deployment-5d886954d4-8s4h8 1/1 Running 0 49s
deployment-5d886954d4-rclkp 1/1 Running 0 50s
deployment-5d886954d4-tt2hz 1/1 Running 0 50s
deployment-7f4786db9c-g796x 0/1 Pending 0 0s
#测试更新效果
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
deployment-7f4786db9c-967fk 1/1 Running 0 10s 10.244.1.26 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
deployment-7f4786db9c-cvb9k 1/1 Running 0 10s 10.244.2.24 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
deployment-7f4786db9c-kgss4 1/1 Running 0 9s 10.244.1.27 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
deployment-7f4786db9c-qts8c 1/1 Running 0 9s 10.244.2.25 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.244.1.26
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Nam
版本回滚
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim deployment.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deployment
spec:
replicas: 4
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v1 #回滚到之前版本
name: myapp
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f deployment.yml
deployment.apps/deployment configured
#测试回滚效果
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
deployment-5d886954d4-dr74h 1/1 Running 0 8s 10.244.2.26 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
deployment-5d886954d4-thpf9 1/1 Running 0 7s 10.244.1.29 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
deployment-5d886954d4-vmwl9 1/1 Running 0 8s 10.244.1.28 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
deployment-5d886954d4-wprpd 1/1 Running 0 6s 10.244.2.27 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.244.2.26
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
暂停及恢复
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl rollout pause deployment deployment-example
[root@k8s2 pod]# vim deployment-example.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deployment-example
spec:
minReadySeconds: 5
strategy:
rollingUpdate:
maxSurge: 1
maxUnavailable: 0
replicas: 6
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp
image: nginx
resources:
limits:
cpu: 0.5
memory: 200Mi
requests:
cpu: 0.5
memory: 200Mi
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl apply -f deployment-example.yaml
#调整副本数，不受影响
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe pods deployment-7f4786db9c-8jw22
Name: deployment-7f4786db9c-8jw22
Namespace: default
Priority: 0
Service Account: default
Node: k8s-node1/172.25.254.10
Start Time: Mon, 02 Sep 2024 00:27:20 +0800
Labels: app=myapp
pod-template-hash=7f4786db9c
Annotations: <none>
Status: Running
IP: 10.244.1.31
IPs:
IP: 10.244.1.31
Controlled By: ReplicaSet/deployment-7f4786db9c
Containers:
myapp:
Container ID: docker://01ad7216e0a8c2674bf17adcc9b071e9bfb951eb294cafa2b8482bb8b4940c1d
Image: myapp:v2
Image ID: docker-pullable://myapp@sha256:5f4afc8302ade316fc47c99ee1d41f8ba94dbe7e3e7747dd87215a15429b9102
Port: <none>
Host Port: <none>
State: Running
Started: Mon, 02 Sep 2024 00:27:21 +0800
Ready: True
Restart Count: 0
Environment: <none>
Mounts:
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-mfjjp (ro)
Conditions:
Type Status
PodReadyToStartContainers True
Initialized True
Ready True
ContainersReady True
PodScheduled True
Volumes:
kube-api-access-mfjjp:
Type: Projected (a volume that contains injected data from multiple sources)
TokenExpirationSeconds: 3607
ConfigMapName: kube-root-ca.crt
ConfigMapOptional: <nil>
DownwardAPI: true
QoS Class: BestEffort
Node-Selectors: <none>
Tolerations: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 6m22s default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/deployment-7f4786db9c-8jw22 to k8s-node1
Normal Pulled 6m22s kubelet Container image "myapp:v2" already present on machine
Normal Created 6m21s kubelet Created container myapp
Normal Started 6m21s kubelet Started container myapp
#但是更新镜像和修改资源并没有触发更新
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl rollout history deployment deployment-example
deployment.apps/deployment-example
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
3 <none>
4 <none>
#恢复后开始触发更新
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl rollout resume deployment deployment-example
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl rollout history deployment deployment-example
deployment.apps/deployment-example
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
3 <none>
4 <none>
5 <none>
#回收
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl delete -f deployment-example.yaml
daemonset控制器
简介
DaemonSet：服务守护进程，它的主要作用是在Kubernetes集群的所有节点中运行我们部署的守护进程，相当于在集群节点上分别部署Pod副本，如果有新节点加入集群，Daemonset会自动的在该节点上运行我们需要部署的Pod副本，相反如果有节点退出集群，Daemonset也会移除掉部署在旧节点的Pod副本。
daemonset功能
DaemonSet 确保全部（或者某些）节点上运行一个 Pod 的副本。当有节点加入集群时， 也会为他们新增一个 Pod ，当有节点从集群移除时，这些 Pod 也会被回收。删除 DaemonSet 将会删除它创建的所有 Pod
DaemonSet 的典型用法：
- 在每个节点上运行集群存储 DaemonSet，例如 glusterd、ceph。
- 在每个节点上运行日志收集 DaemonSet，例如 fluentd、logstash。
- 在每个节点上运行监控 DaemonSet，例如 Prometheus Node Exporter、zabbix agent等
- 一个简单的用法是在所有的节点上都启动一个 DaemonSet，将被作为每种类型的 daemon 使用
- 一个稍微复杂的用法是单独对每种 daemon 类型使用多个 DaemonSet，但具有不同的标志， 并且对不同硬件类型具有不同的内存、CPU 要求
daemonset 示例
[root@k8s2 pod]# cat daemonset-example.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
name: daemonset-example
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
tolerations: #对于污点节点的容忍
- effect: NoSchedule
operator: Exists
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
daemonset-87h6s 1/1 Running 0 47s 10.244.0.8 k8s-master <none> <none>
daemonset-n4vs4 1/1 Running 0 47s 10.244.2.38 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
daemonset-vhxmq 1/1 Running 0 47s 10.244.1.40 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
#回收
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl delete -f daemonset-example.yml
job 控制器
Job，主要用于负责批量处理(一次要处理指定数量任务)短暂的一次性(每个任务仅运行一次就结束)任务
Job特点如下：
- 当Job创建的pod执行成功结束时，Job将记录成功结束的pod数量
- 当成功结束的pod达到指定的数量时，Job将完成执行
job 控制器示例：
root@k8s2 pod]# vim job.yml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: pi
spec:
completions: 6 #一共完成任务数为6
parallelism: 2 #每次并行完成2个
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: pi
image: perl:5.34.0
command: ["perl", "-Mbignum=bpi", "-wle", "print bpi(2000)"] 计算Π的后2000位
restartPolicy: Never #关闭后不自动重启
backoffLimit: 4 #运行失败后尝试4重新运行
[root@k8s2 pod]# kubectl apply -f job.yml
cronjob 控制器
-
Cron Job 创建基于时间调度的 Jobs。
-
CronJob控制器以Job控制器资源为其管控对象，并借助它管理pod资源对象，
-
CronJob可以以类似于Linux操作系统的周期性任务作业计划的方式控制其运行时间点及重复运行的方式。
-
CronJob可以在特定的时间点(反复的)去运行job任务。
cronjob 控制器 示例
[root@k8s2 pod]# vim cronjob.yml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
name: hello
spec:
schedule: "* * * * *"
jobTemplate:
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: hello
image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
restartPolicy: OnFailure
四、微服务
什么是微服务
用控制器来完成集群的工作负载，那么应用如何暴漏出去？需要通过微服务暴漏出去后才能被访问
- Service是一组提供相同服务的Pod对外开放的接口。
- 借助Service，应用可以实现服务发现和负载均衡。
- service默认只支持4层负载均衡能力，没有7层功能。（可以通过Ingress实现）
微服务的类型
| 微服务类型 | 作用描述 |
|---|---|
| ClusterIP | 默认值，k8s系统给service自动分配的虚拟IP，只能在集群内部访问 |
| NodePort | 将Service通过指定的Node上的端口暴露给外部，访问任意一个NodeIP:nodePort都将路由到ClusterIP |
| LoadBalancer | 在NodePort的基础上,借助cloud provider创建一个外部的负载均衡器，并将请求转发到 NodeIP:NodePort，此模式只能在云服务器上使用 |
| ExternalName | 将服务通过 DNS CNAME 记录方式转发到指定的域名（通过 spec.externlName 设定 |
ipvs模式
在所有节点中安装ipvsadm
yum install ipvsadm –y
修改master节点的代理配置
kubectl -n kube-system edit cm kube-proxy
mode: "ipvs" #设置kube-proxy使用ipvs模式
重启pod，在pod运行时配置文件中采用默认配置，当改变配置文件后已经运行的pod状态不会变化，所以要重启pod
kubectl -n kube-system get pods | awk '/kube-proxy/{system("kubectl -n kube-system delete pods "$1)}'
[root@master ~]# ipvsadm -Ln
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP 10.96.0.1:443 rr
-> 172.25.254.100:6443 Masq 1 0 0
TCP 10.96.0.10:53 rr
-> 10.244.0.2:53 Masq 1 0 0
-> 10.244.0.3:53 Masq 1 0 0
TCP 10.96.0.10:9153 rr
-> 10.244.0.2:9153 Masq 1 0 0
-> 10.244.0.3:9153 Masq 1 0 0
TCP 10.97.59.25:80 rr
-> 10.244.1.17:80 Masq 1 0 0
-> 10.244.2.13:80 Masq 1 0 0
UDP 10.96.0.10:53 rr
-> 10.244.0.2:53 Masq 1 0 0
-> 10.244.0.3:53 Masq 1 0 0
微服务类型详解
clusterip特点：
clusterip模式只能在集群内访问，并对集群内的pod提供健康检测和自动发现功能
[root@k8s2 service]# vim myapp.yml
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: timinglee
name: timinglee
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: timinglee
type: ClusterIP
service创建后集群DNS提供解析
[root@k8s-master ~]# dig timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local @10.96.0.10
; <<>> DiG 9.16.23-RH <<>> timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local @10.96.0.10
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; WARNING: .local is reserved for Multicast DNS
;; You are currently testing what happens when an mDNS query is leaked to DNS
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 27827
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
; COOKIE: 057d9ff344fe9a3a (echoed)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
timinglee.dfault.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN A 10.97.59.25
;; Query time: 8 msec
;; SERVER: 10.96.0.10#53(10.96.0.10)
;; WHEN: Wed Sep 04 13:44:30 CST 2024
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 127
ClusterIP中的特殊模式headless
headless（无头服务）
对于无头 Services 并不会分配 Cluster IP，kube-proxy不会处理它们， 而且平台也不会为它们进行负载均衡和路由，集群访问通过dns解析直接指向到业务pod上的IP，所有的调度有dns单独完成
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: timinglee
name: timinglee
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: timinglee
type: ClusterIP
clusterIP: None
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl delete -f timinglee.yaml
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f timinglee.yaml
deployment.apps/timinglee created
#测试
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get services timinglee
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
timinglee ClusterIP None <none> 80/TCP 6s
[root@k8s-master ~]# dig timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local @10.96.0.10
; <<>> DiG 9.16.23-RH <<>> timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local @10.96.0.10
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; WARNING: .local is reserved for Multicast DNS
;; You are currently testing what happens when an mDNS query is leaked to DNS
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 51527
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
; COOKIE: 81f9c97b3f28b3b9 (echoed)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local. 20 IN A 10.244.2.14 #直接解析到pod上
timinglee.default.svc.cluster.local. 20 IN A 10.244.1.18
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 10.96.0.10#53(10.96.0.10)
;; WHEN: Wed Sep 04 13:58:23 CST 2024
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 178
#开启一个busyboxplus的pod测试
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl run test --image busyboxplus -it
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
/ # nslookup timinglee-service
Server: 10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: timinglee-service
Address 1: 10.244.2.16 10-244-2-16.timinglee-service.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 2: 10.244.2.17 10-244-2-17.timinglee-service.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 3: 10.244.1.22 10-244-1-22.timinglee-service.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 4: 10.244.1.21 10-244-1-21.timinglee-service.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # curl timinglee-service
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
/ # curl timinglee-service/hostname.html
timinglee-c56f584cf-b8t6m
nodeport
通过ipvs暴漏端口从而使外部主机通过master节点的对外ip:来访问pod业务
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: timinglee-service
name: timinglee-service
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: timinglee
type: NodePort
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f timinglee.yaml
deployment.apps/timinglee created
service/timinglee-service created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get services timinglee-service
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
timinglee-service NodePort 10.98.60.22 <none> 80:31771/TCP 8
nodeport在集群节点上绑定端口，一个端口对应一个服务
[root@k8s-master ~]# for i in {1..5}
> do
> curl 172.25.254.100:31771/hostname.html
> done
timinglee-c56f584cf-fjxdk
timinglee-c56f584cf-5m2z5
timinglee-c56f584cf-z2w4d
timinglee-c56f584cf-tt5g6
timinglee-c56f584cf-fjxdk
loadbalancer
云平台会为我们分配vip并实现访问，如果是裸金属主机那么需要metallb来实现ip的分配
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: timinglee-service
name: timinglee-service
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: timinglee
type: LoadBalancer
[root@k8s2 service]# kubectl apply -f myapp.yml
默认无法分配外部访问IP
[root@k8s2 service]# kubectl get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 4d1h
myapp LoadBalancer 10.107.23.134 <pending> 80:32537/TCP 4s
LoadBalancer模式适用云平台，裸金属环境需要安装metallb提供支持
metalLB
部署方式
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl edit cm -n kube-system kube-proxy
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
mode: "ipvs"
ipvs:
strictARP: true
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n kube-system get pods | awk '/kube-proxy/{system("kubectl -n kube-system delete pods "$1)}'
2.下载部署文件
[root@k8s2 metallb]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/metallb/metallb/v0.13.12/config/manifests/metallb-native.yaml
3.修改文件中镜像地址,与harbor仓库路径保持一致
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim metallb-native.yaml
...
image: metallb/controller:v0.14.8
image: metallb/speaker:v0.14.8
4.上传镜像到harbor
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker pull quay.io/metallb/controller:v0.14.8
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker pull quay.io/metallb/speaker:v0.14.8
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker tag quay.io/metallb/speaker:v0.14.8 reg.timinglee.org/metallb/speaker:v0.14.8
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker tag quay.io/metallb/controller:v0.14.8 reg.timinglee.org/metallb/controller:v0.14.8
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker push reg.timinglee.org/metallb/speaker:v0.14.8
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker push reg.timinglee.org/metallb/controller:v0.14.8
部署服务
[root@k8s2 metallb]# kubectl apply -f metallb-native.yaml
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n metallb-system get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
controller-65957f77c8-25nrw 1/1 Running 0 30s
speaker-p94xq 1/1 Running 0 29s
speaker-qmpct 1/1 Running 0 29s
speaker-xh4zh 1/1 Running 0 30s
配置分配地址段
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim configmap.yml
apiVersion: metallb.io/v1beta1
kind: IPAddressPool
metadata:
name: first-pool #地址池名称
namespace: metallb-system
spec:
addresses:
- 172.25.254.50-172.25.254.99 #修改为自己本地地址段
--- #两个不同的kind中间必须加分割
apiVersion: metallb.io/v1beta1
kind: L2Advertisement
metadata:
name: example
namespace: metallb-system
spec:
ipAddressPools:
- first-pool #使用地址池
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f configmap.yml
ipaddresspool.metallb.io/first-pool created
l2advertisement.metallb.io/example created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get services
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 21h
timinglee-service LoadBalancer 10.109.36.123 172.25.254.50 80:31595/TCP 9m9s
#通过分配地址从集群外访问服务
[root@reg ~]# curl 172.25.254.50
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Ingress-nginx
ingress-nginx功能
- 一种全局的、为了代理不同后端 Service 而设置的负载均衡服务,支持7层
- Ingress由两部分组成：Ingress controller和Ingress服务
- Ingress Controller 会根据你定义的 Ingress 对象，提供对应的代理能力。
- 业界常用的各种反向代理项目，比如 Nginx、HAProxy、Envoy、Traefik 等，都已经为Kubernetes 专门维护了对应的 Ingress Controller。
下载部署文件
[root@k8s-master ~]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v1.11.2/deploy/static/provider/baremetal/deploy.yaml
上传ingress所需镜像到harbor
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker tag registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/controller:v1.11.2@sha256:d5f8217feeac4887cb1ed21f27c2674e58be06bd8f5184cacea2a69abaf78dce reg.timinglee.org/ingress-nginx/controller:v1.11.2
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker tag registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.4.3@sha256:a320a50cc91bd15fd2d6fa6de58bd98c1bd64b9a6f926ce23a600d87043455a3 reg.timinglee.org/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.4.3
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker push reg.timinglee.org/ingress-nginx/controller:v1.11.2
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker push reg.timinglee.org/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.4.3
安装ingress
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n ingress-nginx get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-admission-create-ggqm6 0/1 Completed 0 82s
ingress-nginx-admission-patch-q4wp2 0/1 Completed 0 82s
ingress-nginx-controller-bb7d8f97c-g2h4p 1/1 Running 0 82s
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n ingress-nginx get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
ingress-nginx-controller NodePort 10.103.33.148 <none> 80:34512/TCP,443:34727/TCP 108s
ingress-nginx-controller-admission ClusterIP 10.103.183.64 <none> 443/TCP 108s
#修改微服务为loadbalancer
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n ingress-nginx edit svc ingress-nginx-controller
49 type: LoadBalancer
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n ingress-nginx get services
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
ingress-nginx-controller LoadBalancer 10.103.33.148 172.25.254.50 80:34512/TCP,443:34727/TCP 4m43s
ingress-nginx-controller-admission ClusterIP 10.103.183.64 <none> 443/TCP 4m43s
ingress 的高级用法
建立用于测试的控制器myapp
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl create deployment myapp-v1 --image myapp:v1 --dry-run=client -o yaml > myapp-v1.yaml
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl create deployment myapp-v2 --image myapp:v2 --dry-run=client -o yaml > myapp-v2.yaml
[root@k8s-master app]# vim myapp-v1.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-v1
name: myapp-v1
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp-v1
strategy: {}
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-v1
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: myapp
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-v1
name: myapp-v1
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: myapp-v1
[root@k8s-master app]# vim myapp-v2.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-v2
name: myapp-v2
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp-v2
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-v2
spec:
containers:
- image: myapp:v2
name: myapp
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-v2
name: myapp-v2
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: myapp-v2
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl expose deployment myapp-v1 --port 80 --target-port 80 --dry-run=client -o yaml >> myapp-v1.yaml
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl expose deployment myapp-v2 --port 80 --target-port 80 --dry-run=client -o yaml >> myapp-v1.yaml
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl get services
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 29h
myapp-v1 ClusterIP 10.104.84.65 <none> 80/TCP 13s
myapp-v2 ClusterIP 10.105.246.219 <none> 80/TCP 7s
基于域名的访问
#在测试主机中设定解析
[root@reg ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
172.25.254.250 reg.timinglee.org
172.25.254.50 www.timinglee.org myappv1.timinglee.org myappv2.timinglee.org
# 建立基于域名的yml文件
[root@k8s-master app]# vim ingress2.yml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
name: ingress2
spec:
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host: myappv1.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v1
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
- host: myappv2.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v2
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
#利用文件建立ingress
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl apply -f ingress2.yml
ingress.networking.k8s.io/ingress2 created
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl describe ingress ingress2
Name: ingress2
Labels: <none>
Namespace: default
Address:
Ingress Class: nginx
Default backend: <default>
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
myappv1.timinglee.org
/ myapp-v1:80 (10.244.2.31:80)
myappv2.timinglee.org
/ myapp-v2:80 (10.244.2.32:80)
Annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Sync 21s nginx-ingress-controller Scheduled for sync
#在测试主机中测试
[root@reg ~]# curl www.timinglee.org/v1
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
[root@reg ~]# curl www.timinglee.org/v2
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
建立tls加密
建立证书
[root@k8s-master app]# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout tls.key -x509 -days 365 -subj "/CN=nginxsvc/O=nginxsvc" -out tls.crt
#建立加密资源类型secret
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl create secret tls web-tls-secret --key tls.key --cert tls.crt
secret/web-tls-secret created
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl get secrets
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
web-tls-secret kubernetes.io/tls 2 6s
#建立ingress3基于tls认证的yml文件
[root@k8s-master app]# vim ingress3.yml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
name: ingress3
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- myapp-tls.timinglee.org
secretName: web-tls-secret
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host: myapp-tls.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v1
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
#测试
[root@reg ~]# curl -k https://myapp-tls.timinglee.org
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
建立auth认证
#建立认证文件
[root@k8s-master app]# dnf install httpd-tools -y
[root@k8s-master app]# htpasswd -cm auth lee
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user lee
[root@k8s-master app]# cat auth
lee:$apr1$BohBRkkI$hZzRDfpdtNzue98bFgcU10
#建立认证类型资源
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl create secret generic auth-web --from-file auth
root@k8s-master app]# kubectl describe secrets auth-web
Name: auth-web
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Type: Opaque
Data
====
auth: 42 bytes
#建立ingress4基于用户认证的yaml文件
[root@k8s-master app]# vim ingress4.yml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-type: basic
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-secret: auth-web
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-realm: "Please input username and password"
name: ingress4
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- myapp-tls.timinglee.org
secretName: web-tls-secret
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host: myapp-tls.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v1
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
#建立ingress4
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl apply -f ingress4.yml
ingress.networking.k8s.io/ingress4 created
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl describe ingress ingress4
Name: ingress4
Labels: <none>
Namespace: default
Address:
Ingress Class: nginx
Default backend: <default>
TLS:
web-tls-secret terminates myapp-tls.timinglee.org
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
myapp-tls.timinglee.org
/ myapp-v1:80 (10.244.2.31:80)
Annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-realm: Please input username and password
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-secret: auth-web
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-type: basic
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Sync 14s nginx-ingress-controller Scheduled for sync
#测试：
[root@reg ~]# curl -k https://myapp-tls.timinglee.org
<html>
<head><title>401 Authorization Required</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>401 Authorization Required</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@reg ~]# curl -k https://myapp-tls.timinglee.org -ulee:lee
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
rewrite重定向
#指定默认访问的文件到hostname.html上
[root@k8s-master app]# vim ingress5.yml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/app-root: /hostname.html
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-type: basic
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-secret: auth-web
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-realm: "Please input username and password"
name: ingress5
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- myapp-tls.timinglee.org
secretName: web-tls-secret
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host:i myapp-tls.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v1
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl apply -f ingress5.yml
ingress.networking.k8s.io/ingress5 created
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl describe ingress ingress5
Name: ingress5
Labels: <none>
Namespace: default
Address: 172.25.254.10
Ingress Class: nginx
Default backend: <default>
TLS:
web-tls-secret terminates myapp-tls.timinglee.org
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
myapp-tls.timinglee.org
/ myapp-v1:80 (10.244.2.31:80)
Annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/app-root: /hostname.html
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-realm: Please input username and password
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-secret: auth-web
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-type: basic
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Sync 2m16s (x2 over 2m54s) nginx-ingress-controller Scheduled for sync
#测试：
[root@reg ~]# curl -Lk https://myapp-tls.timinglee.org -ulee:lee
myapp-v1-7479d6c54d-j9xc6
[root@reg ~]# curl -Lk https://myapp-tls.timinglee.org/lee/hostname.html -ulee:lee
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.12.2</center>
</body>
</html>
#解决重定向路径问题
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /$2
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex: "true"
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-type: basic
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-secret: auth-web
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-realm: "Please input username and password"
name: ingress6
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- myapp-tls.timinglee.org
secretName: web-tls-secret
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host: myapp-tls.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v1
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v1
port:
number: 80
path: /lee(/|$)(.*) #正则表达式匹配/lee/，/lee/abc
pathType: ImplementationSpecific
Canary金丝雀发布
丝雀发布（Canary Release）也称为灰度发布，是一种软件发布策略。
主要目的是在将新版本的软件全面推广到生产环境之前，先在一小部分用户或服务器上进行测试和验证，以降低因新版本引入重大问题而对整个系统造成的影响。
是一种Pod的发布方式。金丝雀发布采取先添加、再删除的方式，保证Pod的总量不低于期望值。并且在更新部分Pod后，暂停更新，当确认新Pod版本运行正常后再进行其他版本的Pod的更新。
示例：
#建立版本1的ingress
[root@k8s-master app]# vim ingress7.yml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
name: myapp-v1-ingress
spec:
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host: myapp.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v1
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl describe ingress myapp-v1-ingress
Name: myapp-v1-ingress
Labels: <none>
Namespace: default
Address: 172.25.254.10
Ingress Class: nginx
Default backend: <default>
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
myapp.timinglee.org
/ myapp-v1:80 (10.244.2.31:80)
Annotations: <none>
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Sync 44s (x2 over 73s) nginx-ingress-controller Scheduled for sync
#建立基于header的ingress
[root@k8s-master app]# vim ingress8.yml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: “version”
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: ”2“
name: myapp-v2-ingress
spec:
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host: myapp.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v2
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl apply -f ingress8.yml
ingress.networking.k8s.io/myapp-v2-ingress created
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl describe ingress myapp-v2-ingress
Name: myapp-v2-ingress
Labels: <none>
Namespace: default
Address:
Ingress Class: nginx
Default backend: <default>
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
myapp.timinglee.org
/ myapp-v2:80 (10.244.2.32:80)
Annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: true
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: version
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: 2
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Sync 21s nginx-ingress-controller Scheduled for sync
#测试：
[root@reg ~]# curl myapp.timinglee.org
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
[root@reg ~]# curl -H "version: 2" myapp.timinglee.org
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
基于权重的灰度发布
- 通过Annotaion拓展
- 创建灰度ingress，配置灰度权重以及总权重
- 灰度流量验证完毕后，切换正式ingress到新版本
示例
#基于权重的灰度发布
[root@k8s-master app]# vim ingress8.yml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-weight: "10" #更改权重值
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-weight-total: "100"
name: myapp-v2-ingress
spec:
ingressClassName: nginx
rules:
- host: myapp.timinglee.org
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: myapp-v2
port:
number: 80
path: /
pathType: Prefix
[root@k8s-master app]# kubectl apply -f ingress8.yml
ingress.networking.k8s.io/myapp-v2-ingress created
#测试：
[root@reg ~]# vim check_ingress.sh
#!/bin/bash
v1=0
v2=0
for (( i=0; i<100; i++))
do
response=`curl -s myapp.timinglee.org |grep -c v1`
v1=`expr $v1 + $response`
v2=`expr $v2 + 1 - $response`
done
echo "v1:$v1, v2:$v2"
[root@reg ~]# sh check_ingress.sh
v1:90, v2:10
五、集群存储
configmap的功能
-
configMap用于保存配置数据，以键值对形式存储。
-
configMap 资源提供了向 Pod 注入配置数据的方法。
-
镜像和配置文件解耦，以便实现镜像的可移植性和可复用性。
-
etcd限制了文件大小不能超过1M
configmap的使用场景
-
填充环境变量的值
-
设置容器内的命令行参数
-
填充卷的配置文件
字面值创建
[root@master ~]# kubectl create cm configmap-1 --from-literal key1=value1 --from-literal key2=value2
configmap/configmap-1 created
[root@master ~]# kubectl describe cm configmap-1
Name: configmap-1
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
key1:
----
value1
key2:
----
value2
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
通过文件创建
[root@master cm]# cat nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
#创建
[root@master cm]# kubectl create cm cm-nginx --from-file nginx.conf
configmap/cm-nginx created
[root@master cm]# kubectl describe cm cm-nginx
Name: cm-nginx
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
nginx.conf:
----
server {
listen 80;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
.通过目录创建
kdir cmdir
echo 111 > cmdir/file1
echo 222 > cmdir/file2
#创建
[root@master cm]# kubectl create cm cm-dir --from-file cmdir/
configmap/cm-dir created
[root@master cm]# kubectl describe cm cm-dir
Name: cm-dir
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
file1:
----
111
file2:
----
222
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
通过yaml文件创建
#快速生成模板
kubectl create cm cm-4 --from-literal username=user --dry-run=client -o yaml > cm.yml
#编辑模板
[root@master cm]# cat cm.yml
apiVersion: v1
data:
nginx.conf: | `|`用于定义 ConfigMap、Secret 中的多行配置文件
server {
listen 80;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
hosts: |
1
2
3
4
5
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: cm-4
#应用
[root@master cm]# kubectl apply -f cm.yml
configmap/cm-4 created
[root@master cm]# kubectl describe cm cm-4
Name: cm-4
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
hosts:
----
1
2
3
4
5
nginx.conf:
----
server {
listen 80;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
configmap的使用方式
- 通过环境变量的方式直接传递给pod
- 通过pod的 命令行运行方式
- 作为volume的方式挂载到pod内
使用configmap填充环境变量
#创建cm
[root@master cm]# kubectl create cm test-1 --from-literal test1=a --from-literal test2=b
configmap/test-1 created
#创建pod
[root@master cm]# cat testpod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
restartPolicy: Never
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- env #显示系统变量
env:
- name: key1
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: test-1 # 引用的 ConfigMap 名称
key: test1 # 引用 ConfigMap 中的 key（test1）
- name: key2
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: test-1
key: test2
[root@master cm]# kubectl apply -f testpod.yml
pod/testpod created
[root@master cm]# kubectl logs testpod
...
key1=a
key2=b
#将cm中的值全部映射为变量
cat testpod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
restartPolicy: Never
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- env
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: test-1
[root@master cm]# kubectl logs testpod
...
test1=a
test2=b
#命令行中使用
[root@master cm]# kubectl logs testpod
a b
[root@master cm]# cat testpod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
restartPolicy: Never
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- echo ${test1} ${test2}
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: test-1
[root@master cm]# kubectl apply -f testpod.yml
pod/testpod created
[root@master cm]# kubectl logs testpod
a b
通过数据卷使用configmap
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim testpod4.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- cat /config/db_host
volumeMounts: #调用卷策略
- name: config-volume #卷名称
mountPath: /config
volumes: #声明卷的配置
- name: config-volume #卷名称
configMap:
name: lee4-config
restartPolicy: Never
利用configMap填充pod的配置文件
kubectl create cm test-2 --from-file nginx.conf
[root@master cm]# kubectl describe cm test-2
Name: test-2
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
nginx.conf:
----
server {
listen 8080;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
#生成控制器模板
kubectl create deployment test-nginx --image nginx:latest --dry-run=client -o yaml > nginx.yml
[root@master cm]# cat nginx.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: test-nginx
name: test-nginx
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: test-nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: test-nginx
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:latest
name: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: nginx-conf
mountPath: /etc/nginx/conf.d
volumes:
- name: nginx-conf
configMap:
name: test-2
[root@master cm]# kubectl apply -f nginx.yml
deployment.apps/test-nginx created
[root@master cm]# kubectl get pods test-nginx-5bb48dd447-rmchj -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
test-nginx-5bb48dd447-rmchj 1/1 Running 0 11m 10.244.1.22 k8s-1 <none> <none>
[root@master cm]# curl 10.244.1.22:8080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
...
通过热更新cm修改配
apiVersion: v1
data:
nginx.conf: |
server {
listen 8888; #修改端口为8888
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2025-08-16T13:43:16Z"
name: test-2
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "244314"
uid: 12d4a994-8f0a-43e6-a085-6f1d3df97c4d
#查看nginx配置文件
[root@master cm]# kubectl exec pods/test-nginx-54fd88ff84-vmtcv -- cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/nginx.conf
server {
listen 8888;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
#重载配置
[root@master cm]# kubectl exec pods/test-nginx-54fd88ff84-vmtcv -- nginx -s reload
2025/08/16 14:31:55 [notice] 36#36: signal process started
[root@master cm]# curl 10.244.2.18:8888
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
...
secrets配置管理
secrets的功能介绍
-
Secret 对象类型用来保存敏感信息，例如密码、OAuth 令牌和 ssh key。
-
敏感信息放在 secret 中比放在 Pod 的定义或者容器镜像中来说更加安全和灵活
-
Pod 可以用两种方式使用 secret：
-
作为 volume 中的文件被挂载到 pod 中的一个或者多个容器里。
-
当 kubelet 为 pod 拉取镜像时使用。
-
-
Secret的类型：
-
Service Account：Kubernetes 自动创建包含访问 API 凭据的 secret，并自动修改 pod 以使用此类型的 secret。
-
Opaque：使用base64编码存储信息，可以通过base64 --decode解码获得原始数据，因此安全性弱。
-
kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson：用于存储docker registry的认证信息
-
从文件创建
[root@k8s-master secrets]# echo -n timinglee > username.txt
[root@k8s-master secrets]# echo -n lee > password.txt
root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl create secret generic userlist --from-file username.txt --from-file password.txt
secret/userlist created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl get secrets userlist -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
password.txt: bGVl
username.txt: dGltaW5nbGVl
kind: Secret
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2024-09-07T07:30:42Z"
name: userlist
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "177216"
uid: 9d76250c-c16b-4520-b6f2-cc6a8ad25594
type: Opaque
Secret的使用方法
将Secret挂载到Volume中
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl run nginx --image nginx --dry-run=client -o yaml > pod1.yaml
#向固定路径映射
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod1.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: nginx
name: nginx
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: secrets
mountPath: /secret
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secrets
secret:
secretName: userlist
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl apply -f pod1.yaml
pod/nginx created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl exec pods/nginx -it -- /bin/bash
root@nginx:/# cat /secret/
cat: /secret/: Is a directory
root@nginx:/# cd /secret/
root@nginx:/secret# ls
password username
root@nginx:/secret# cat password
leeroot@nginx:/secret# cat username
timingleeroot@nginx:/secret#
向指定路径映射 secret 密钥
#向指定路径映射
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod2.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: nginx1
name: nginx1
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx1
volumeMounts:
- name: secrets
mountPath: /secret
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secrets
secret:
secretName: userlist
items:
- key: username
path: my-users/username
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl apply -f pod2.yaml
pod/nginx1 created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl exec pods/nginx1 -it -- /bin/bash
root@nginx1:/# cd secret/
root@nginx1:/secret# ls
my-users
root@nginx1:/secret# cd my-users
root@nginx1:/secret/my-users# ls
username
root@nginx1:/secret/my-users# cat username
将Secret设置为环境变量
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod3.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: busybox
name: busybox
spec:
containers:
- image: busybox
name: busybox
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- env
env:
- name: USERNAME
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: userlist
key: username
- name: PASS
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: userlist
key: password
restartPolicy: Never
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl apply -f pod3.yaml
pod/busybox created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl logs pods/busybox
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
HOSTNAME=busybox
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_HOST=10.104.84.65
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_HOST=10.105.246.219
SHLVL=1
HOME=/root
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V1_PORT=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V2_PORT=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.104.84.65
USERNAME=timinglee
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.105.246.219
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.96.0.1
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
PASS=lee
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.96.0.1
PWD=/
存储docker registry的认证信息
[root@k8s-master secrets]# docker login reg.jxe.org
uthenticating with existing credentials...
WARNING! Your password will be stored unencrypted in /root/.docker/config.json.
Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/login/#credential-stores
Login Succeeded
#上传镜像
[root@k8s-master secrets]# docker tag timinglee/game2048:latest reg.dl.org/library/game2048:latest
[root@k8s-master secrets]# docker push reg.dl.org/library/game2048:latest
The push refers to repository [reg.dl.org/library/game2048]
88fca8ae768a: Pushed
6d7504772167: Pushed
192e9fad2abc: Pushed
36e9226e74f8: Pushed
011b303988d2: Pushed
latest: digest: sha256:8a34fb9cb168c420604b6e5d32ca6d412cb0d533a826b313b190535c03fe9390 size: 1364
#建立用于docker认证的secret
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl create secret docker-registry docker-auth --docker-server reg.timinglee.org --docker-username admin --docker-password lee --docker-email timinglee@timinglee.org
secret/docker-auth created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod3.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: game2048
name: game2048
spec:
containers:
- image: reg.timinglee.org/timinglee/game2048:latest
name: game2048
imagePullSecrets: #不设定docker认证时无法下载镜像
- name: docker-auth
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
game2048 1/1 Running 0 4s
volumes配置管理
-
容器中文件在磁盘上是临时存放的，这给容器中运行的特殊应用程序带来一些问题
-
当容器崩溃时，kubelet将重新启动容器，容器中的文件将会丢失,因为容器会以干净的状态重建。
-
当在一个 Pod 中同时运行多个容器时，常常需要在这些容器之间共享文件。
-
Kubernetes 卷具有明确的生命周期与使用它的 Pod 相同
-
卷比 Pod 中运行的任何容器的存活期都长，在容器重新启动时数据也会得到保留
-
当一个 Pod 不再存在时，卷也将不再存在。
-
Kubernetes 可以支持许多类型的卷，Pod 也能同时使用任意数量的卷。
-
卷不能挂载到其他卷，也不能与其他卷有硬链接。 Pod 中的每个容器必须独立地指定每个卷的挂载位置。
emptyDir卷
功能：
当Pod指定到某个节点上时，首先创建的是一个emptyDir卷，并且只要 Pod 在该节点上运行，卷就一直存在。卷最初是空的。 尽管 Pod 中的容器挂载 emptyDir 卷的路径可能相同也可能不同，但是这些容器都可以读写 emptyDir 卷中相同的文件。 当 Pod 因为某些原因被从节点上删除时，emptyDir 卷中的数据也会永久删除
emptyDir 的使用场景：
-
缓存空间，例如基于磁盘的归并排序。
-
耗时较长的计算任务提供检查点，以便任务能方便地从崩溃前状态恢复执行。
-
在 Web 服务器容器服务数据时，保存内容管理器容器获取的文件。
示例
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: vol1
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: vm1
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- sleep 30000000
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /cache
name: cache-vol
- image: nginx:latest
name: vm2
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: cache-vol
volumes:
- name: cache-vol
emptyDir:
medium: Memory
sizeLimit: 100Mi
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl apply -f pod1.yml
#查看pod中卷的使用情况
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl describe pods vol1
#测试效果
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl exec -it pods/vol1 -c vm1 -- /bin/sh
/ # cd /cache/
/cache # ls
/cache # curl localhost
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
/cache # echo timinglee > index.html
/cache # curl localhost
timinglee
/cache # dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=101
dd: writing 'bigfile': No space left on device
101+0 records in
99+1 records out
hostpath卷
功能：
hostPath 卷能将主机节点文件系统上的文件或目录挂载到您的 Pod 中，不会因为pod关闭而被删除
hostPath 的一些用法
-
运行一个需要访问 Docker 引擎内部机制的容器,挂载 /var/lib/docker 路径。
-
在容器中运行 cAdvisor（监控） 时，以 hostPath 方式挂载 /sys。
-
允许 Pod 指定给定的 hostPath 在运行 Pod 之前是否应该存在，是否应该创建以及应该以什么方式存在
hostPath的安全隐患
- 具有相同配置（例如从 podTemplate 创建）的多个 Pod 会由于节点上文件的不同而在不同节点上有不同的行为。
- 当 Kubernetes 按照计划添加资源感知的调度时，这类调度机制将无法考虑由 hostPath 使用的资源。
- 基础主机上创建的文件或目录只能由 root 用户写入。您需要在 特权容器 中以 root 身份运行进程，或者修改主机上的文件权限以便容器能够写入 hostPath 卷。
示例：
[root@k8s-master volumes]# vim pod2.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: vol1
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:latest
name: vm1
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: cache-vol
volumes:
- name: cache-vol
hostPath:
path: /data
type: DirectoryOrCreate #当/data目录不存在时自动建立
#测试：
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl apply -f pod2.yml
pod/vol1 created
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
vol1 1/1 Running 0 10s 10.244.2.48 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master volumes]# curl 10.244.2.48
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@k8s-node2 ~]# echo timinglee > /data/index.html
[root@k8s-master volumes]# curl 10.244.2.48
timinglee
#当pod被删除后hostPath不会被清理
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl delete -f pod2.yml
pod "vol1" deleted
[root@k8s-node2 ~]# ls /data/
index.html
nfs卷
NFS 卷允许将一个现有的 NFS 服务器上的目录挂载到 Kubernetes 中的 Pod 中。这对于在多个 Pod 之间共享数据或持久化存储数据非常有用
例如，如果有多个容器需要访问相同的数据集，或者需要将容器中的数据持久保存到外部存储，NFS 卷可以提供一种方便的解决方案。
部署一台nfs共享主机并在所有k8s节点中安装nfs-utils
#部署nfs主机
[root@reg ~]# dnf install nfs-utils -y
[root@reg ~]# systemctl enable --now nfs-server.service
[root@reg ~]# vim /etc/exports
/nfsdata *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
[root@reg ~]# exportfs -rv
exporting *:/nfsdata
[root@reg ~]# showmount -e
Export list for reg.timinglee.org:
/nfsdata *
#在k8s所有节点中安装nfs-utils
[root@k8s-master & node1 & node2 ~]# dnf install nfs-utils -y
部署nfs卷
[root@k8s-master volumes]# vim pod3.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: vol1
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:latest
name: vm1
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: cache-vol
volumes:
- name: cache-vol
nfs:
server: 172.25.254.250
path: /nfsdata
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl apply -f pod3.yml
pod/vol1 created
#测试
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
vol1 1/1 Running 0 100s 10.244.2.50 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master volumes]# curl 10.244.2.50
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
##在nfs主机中
[root@reg ~]# echo timinglee > /nfsdata/index.html
[root@k8s-master volumes]# curl 10.244.2.50
timinglee
PersistentVolume持久卷
1 静态持久卷pv与静态持久卷声明pvc
PersistentVolume（持久卷，简称PV）
-
pv是集群内由管理员提供的网络存储的一部分。
-
PV也是集群中的一种资源。是一种volume插件，
-
但是它的生命周期却是和使用它的Pod相互独立的。
-
PV这个API对象，捕获了诸如NFS、ISCSI、或其他云存储系统的实现细节
-
pv有两种提供方式：静态和动态
-
静态PV：集群管理员创建多个PV，它们携带着真实存储的详细信息，它们存在于Kubernetes API中，并可用于存储使用
-
动态PV：当管理员创建的静态PV都不匹配用户的PVC时，集群可能会尝试专门地供给volume给PVC。这种供给基于StorageClass
-
PersistentVolumeClaim（持久卷声明，简称PVC）
-
是用户的一种存储请求
-
它和Pod类似，Pod消耗Node资源，而PVC消耗PV资源
-
Pod能够请求特定的资源（如CPU和内存)。PVC能够请求指定的大小和访问的模式持久卷配置
-
PVC与PV的绑定是一对一的映射。没找到匹配的PV，那么PVC会无限期得处于unbound未绑定状态
volumes访问模式
-
ReadWriteOnce – 该volume只能被单个节点以读写的方式映射
-
ReadOnlyMany – 该volume可以被多个节点以只读方式映射
-
ReadWriteMany – 该volume可以被多个节点以读写的方式映射
-
在命令行中，访问模式可以简写为：
-
RWO - ReadWriteOnce
-
ROX - ReadOnlyMany
-
RWX ReadWriteMany
-
-
volumes回收策略
-
Retain：保留，需要手动回收
-
Recycle：回收，自动删除卷中数据（在当前版本中已经废弃）
-
Delete：删除，相关联的存储资产，如AWS EBS，GCE PD，Azure Disk，or OpenStack Cinder卷都会被删除
volumes状态说明
-
Available 卷是一个空闲资源，尚未绑定到任何申领
-
Bound 该卷已经绑定到某申领
-
Released 所绑定的申领已被删除，但是关联存储资源尚未被集群回收
-
Failed 卷的自动回收操作失败
静态pv实例：
#在nfs主机中建立实验目录
[root@reg ~]# mkdir /nfsdata/pv{1..3}
#编写创建pv的yml文件，pv是集群资源，不在任何namespace中
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pv.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv1
spec:
capacity:
storage: 5Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
storageClassName: nfs
nfs:
path: /nfsdata/pv1
server: 172.25.254.250
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv2
spec:
capacity:
storage: 15Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
storageClassName: nfs
nfs:
path: /nfsdata/pv2
server: 172.25.254.250
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv3
spec:
capacity:
storage: 25Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
storageClassName: nfs
nfs:
path: /nfsdata/pv3
server: 172.25.254.250
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pv
NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS REASON AGE
pv1 5Gi RWO Retain Available nfs <unset> 4m50s
pv2 15Gi RWX Retain Available nfs <unset> 4m50s
pv3 25Gi ROX Retain Available nfs <unset> 4m50s
#建立pvc，pvc是pv使用的申请，需要保证和pod在一个namesapce中
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pvc.ym
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc1
spec:
storageClassName: nfs
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc2
spec:
storageClassName: nfs
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc3
spec:
storageClassName: nfs
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 15Gi
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
pvc1 Bound pv1 5Gi RWO nfs <unset> 5s
pvc2 Bound pv2 15Gi RWX nfs <unset> 4s
pvc3 Bound pv3 25Gi ROX nfs <unset> 4s
#在其他namespace中无法应用
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl -n kube-system get pvc
No resources found in kube-system namespace.
在pod中使用pvc
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: timinglee
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: vol1
volumes:
- name: vol1
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: pvc1
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
timinglee 1/1 Running 0 83s 10.244.2.54 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl exec -it pods/timinglee -- /bin/bash
root@timinglee:/# curl localhost
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
root@timinglee:/# cd /usr/share/nginx/
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx# ls
html
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx# cd html/
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx/html# ls
[root@reg ~]# echo timinglee > /data/pv1/index.html
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl exec -it pods/timinglee -- /bin/bash
root@timinglee:/# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx/html# ls
index.html
存储类storageclas
StorageClass说明
-
StorageClass提供了一种描述存储类（class)的方法，不同的class可能会映射到不同的服务质量等级和备份策略或其他策略等。
-
每个 StorageClass 都包含 provisioner、parameters 和 reclaimPolicy 字段， 这些字段会在StorageClass需要动态分配 PersistentVolume 时会使用到
StorageClass的属性
属性说明：https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/
Provisioner（存储分配器)：用来决定使用哪个卷插件分配 PV，该字段必须指定。可以指定内部分配器，也可以指定外部分配器。外部分配器的代码地址为： kubernetes-incubator/external-storage，其中包括NFS和Ceph等。
Reclaim Policy（回收策略）：通过reclaimPolicy字段指定创建的Persistent Volume的回收策略，回收策略包括：Delete 或者 Retain，没有指定默认为Delete。
存储分配器NFS Client Provisioner
源码地址：https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
-
NFS Client Provisioner是一个automatic provisioner，使用NFS作为存储，自动创建PV和对应的PVC，本身不提供NFS存储，需要外部先有一套NFS存储服务。
-
PV以 n a m e s p a c e − {namespace}- namespace−{pvcName}-${pvName}的命名格式提供（在NFS服务器上)
-
PV回收的时候以 archieved- n a m e s p a c e − {namespace}- namespace−{pvcName}-${pvName} 的命名格式（在NFS服务器上)
创建sa并授权
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim rbac.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["nodes"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "delete"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "update"]
- apiGroups: ["storage.k8s.io"]
resources: ["storageclasses"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["events"]
verbs: ["create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: run-nfs-client-provisioner
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["endpoints"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
roleRef:
kind: Role
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
#查看rbac信息
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f rbac.yml
namespace/nfs-client-provisioner created
serviceaccount/nfs-client-provisioner created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/nfs-client-provisioner-runner created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/run-nfs-client-provisioner created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl -n nfs-client-provisioner get sa
NAME SECRETS AGE
default 0 14s
nfs-client-provisioner 0 14s
部署应用
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim deployment.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
labels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
replicas: 1
strategy:
type: Recreate
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
serviceAccountName: nfs-client-provisioner
containers:
- name: nfs-client-provisioner
image: sig-storage/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner:v4.0.2
volumeMounts:
- name: nfs-client-root
mountPath: /persistentvolumes
env:
- name: PROVISIONER_NAME
value: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
- name: NFS_SERVER
value: 172.25.254.250
- name: NFS_PATH
value: /nfsdata
volumes:
- name: nfs-client-root
nfs:
server: 172.25.254.250
path: /nfsdata
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl -n nfs-client-provisioner get deployments.apps nfs-client-provisioner
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nfs-client-provisioner 1/1 1 1 86s
创建存储类
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim class.yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
name: nfs-client
provisioner: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
parameters:
archiveOnDelete: "false"
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f class.yaml
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/nfs-client created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl get storageclasses.storage.k8s.io
NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE
nfs-client k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner Delete Immediate false 9s
创建pvc
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim pvc.yml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: test-claim
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 1G
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f pvc.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/test-claim created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
test-claim Bound pvc-7782a006-381a-440a-addb-e9d659b8fe0b 1Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 21m
创建测试pod
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim pod.yml
kind: Pod
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-pod
image: busybox
command:
- "/bin/sh"
args:
- "-c"
- "touch /mnt/SUCCESS && exit 0 || exit 1"
volumeMounts:
- name: nfs-pvc
mountPath: "/mnt"
restartPolicy: "Never"
volumes:
- name: nfs-pvc
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: test-claim
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
[root@reg ~]# ls /data/default-test-claim-pvc-b1aef9cc-4be9-4d2a-8c5e-0fe7716247e2/
SUCCESS
设置默认存储类
-
在未设定默认存储类时pvc必须指定使用类的名称
-
在设定存储类后创建pvc时可以不用指定storageClassName
#一次性指定多个pvc
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pvc.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc1
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc2
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc3
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 15Gi
root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl apply -f pvc.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/pvc1 created
persistentvolumeclaim/pvc2 created
persistentvolumeclaim/pvc3 created
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
pvc1 Bound pvc-25a3c8c5-2797-4240-9270-5c51caa211b8 1Gi RWO nfs-client <unset> 4s
pvc2 Bound pvc-c7f34d1c-c8d3-4e7f-b255-e29297865353 10Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 4s
pvc3 Bound pvc-5f1086ad-2999-487d-88d2-7104e3e9b221 15Gi ROX nfs-client <unset> 4s
test-claim Bound pvc-b1aef9cc-4be9-4d2a-8c5e-0fe7716247e2 1Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 9m9s
statefulset控制器
功能特性
-
Statefulset是为了管理有状态服务的问提设计的
-
StatefulSet将应用状态抽象成了两种情况：
-
拓扑状态：应用实例必须按照某种顺序启动。新创建的Pod必须和原来Pod的网络标识一样
-
存储状态：应用的多个实例分别绑定了不同存储数据。
-
StatefulSet给所有的Pod进行了编号，编号规则是： ( s t a t e f u l s e t 名称 ) − (statefulset名称)- (statefulset名称)−(序号)，从0开始。
-
Pod被删除后重建，重建Pod的网络标识也不会改变,Pod的拓扑状态按照Pod的“名字+编号”的方式固定下来,并且为每个Pod提供了一个固定且唯一的访问入口,Pod对应的DNS记录。
StatefulSet的组成部分
-
Headless Service：用来定义pod网络标识，生成可解析的DNS记录
-
volumeClaimTemplates：创建pvc，指定pvc名称大小，自动创建pvc且pvc由存储类供应。
-
StatefulSet：管理pod的
构建方法
#建立无头服务
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# vim headless.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-svc
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: nginx
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl apply -f headless.yml
#建立statefulset
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# vim statefulset.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: web
spec:
serviceName: "nginx-svc"
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: www
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: www
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl apply -f statefulset.yml
statefulset.apps/web configured
root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
web-0 1/1 Running 0 3m26s
web-1 1/1 Running 0 3m22s
web-2 1/1 Running 0 3m18s
[root@reg nfsdata]# ls /nfsdata/
default-test-claim-pvc-34b3d968-6c2b-42f9-bbc3-d7a7a02dcbac
default-www-web-0-pvc-0390b736-477b-4263-9373-a53d20cc8f9f
default-www-web-1-pvc-a5ff1a7b-fea5-4e77-afd4-cdccedbc278c
default-www-web-2-pvc-83eff88b-4ae1-4a8a-b042-8899677ae854
statefulset的弹缩
用命令改变副本数
$ kubectl scale statefulsets <stateful-set-name> --replicas=<new-replicas>
通过编辑配置改变副本数
$ kubectl edit statefulsets.apps <stateful-set-name>
statefulset有序回收
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl scale statefulset web --replicas 0
statefulset.apps/web scaled
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl delete -f statefulset.yml
statefulset.apps "web" deleted
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl delete pvc --all
persistentvolumeclaim "test-claim" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-0" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-1" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-2" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-3" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-4" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-5" deleted
[root@k8s2 statefulset]# kubectl scale statefulsets web --replicas=0
[root@k8s2 statefulset]# kubectl delete -f statefulset.yaml
[root@k8s2 mysql]# kubectl delete pvc --all
六、k8s网络通信
k8s通信整体架构
- k8s通过CNI接口接入其他插件来实现网络通讯。目前比较流行的插件有flannel，calico等
- CNI插件存放位置：# cat /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
- 插件使用的解决方案如下
- 虚拟网桥，虚拟网卡，多个容器共用一个虚拟网卡进行通信。
- 多路复用：MacVLAN，多个容器共用一个物理网卡进行通信。
- 硬件交换：SR-LOV，一个物理网卡可以虚拟出多个接口，这个性能最好。
- 容器间通信：
- 同一个pod内的多个容器间的通信，通过lo即可实现pod之间的通信
- 同一节点的pod之间通过cni网桥转发数据包。
- 不同节点的pod之间的通信需要网络插件支持
- pod和service通信: 通过iptables或ipvs实现通信，ipvs取代不了iptables，因为ipvs只能做负载均衡，而做不了nat转换
- pod和外网通信：iptables的MASQUERADE
- Service与集群外部客户端的通信；（ingress、nodeport、loadbalancer）
flannel网络插件
插件组成：
| 插件 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| VXLAN | 即Virtual Extensible LAN（虚拟可扩展局域网），是Linux本身支持的一网种网络虚拟化技术。VXLAN可以完全在内核态实现封装和解封装工作，从而通过“隧道”机制，构建出覆盖网络（Overlay Network） |
| VTEP | VXLAN Tunnel End Point（虚拟隧道端点），在Flannel中 VNI的默认值是1，这也是为什么宿主机的VTEP设备都叫flannel.1的原因 |
| Cni0 | 网桥设备，每创建一个pod都会创建一对 veth pair。其中一端是pod中的eth0，另一端是Cni0网桥中的端口（网卡） |
| Flannel.1 | TUN设备(虚拟网卡)，用来进行 vxlan 报文的处理（封包和解包）。不同node之间的pod数据流量都从overlay设备以隧道的形式发送到对端 |
| Flanneld | flannel在每个主机中运行flanneld作为agent，它会为所在主机从集群的网络地址空间中，获取一个小的网段subnet，本主机内所有容器的IP地址都将从中分配。同时Flanneld监听K8s集群数据库，为flannel.1设备提供封装数据时必要的mac、ip等网络数据信息 |
#默认网络通信路由
[root@k8s-master ~]# ip r
default via 172.25.254.2 dev eth0 proto static metric 100
10.244.0.0/24 dev cni0 proto kernel scope link src 10.244.0.1
10.244.1.0/24 via 10.244.1.0 dev flannel.1 onlink
10.244.2.0/24 via 10.244.2.0 dev flannel.1 onlink
172.17.0.0/16 dev docker0 proto kernel scope link src 172.17.0.1 linkdown
172.25.254.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 172.25.254.100 metric 100
#桥接转发数据库
[root@k8s-master ~]# bridge fdb
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev eth0 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev eth0 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:fb dev eth0 self permanent
33:33:ff:65:cb:fa dev eth0 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:fb dev eth0 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev docker0 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:6a dev docker0 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:6a dev docker0 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev docker0 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:fb dev docker0 self permanent
02:42:76:94:aa:bc dev docker0 vlan 1 master docker0 permanent
02:42:76:94:aa:bc dev docker0 master docker0 permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev kube-ipvs0 self permanent
82:14:17:b1:1d:d0 dev flannel.1 dst 172.25.254.20 self permanent
22:7f:e7:fd:33:77 dev flannel.1 dst 172.25.254.10 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev cni0 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:6a dev cni0 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:6a dev cni0 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev cni0 self permanent
33:33:ff:aa:13:2f dev cni0 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:fb dev cni0 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:fb dev cni0 self permanent
0e:49:e3:aa:13:2f dev cni0 vlan 1 master cni0 permanent
0e:49:e3:aa:13:2f dev cni0 master cni0 permanent
7a:1c:2d:5d:0e:9e dev vethf29f1523 master cni0
5e:4e:96:a0:eb:db dev vethf29f1523 vlan 1 master cni0 permanent
5e:4e:96:a0:eb:db dev vethf29f1523 master cni0 permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev vethf29f1523 self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev vethf29f1523 self permanent
33:33:ff:a0:eb:db dev vethf29f1523 self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:fb dev vethf29f1523 self permanent
b2:f9:14:9f:71:29 dev veth18ece01e master cni0
3a:05:06:21:bf:7f dev veth18ece01e vlan 1 master cni0 permanent
3a:05:06:21:bf:7f dev veth18ece01e master cni0 permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev veth18ece01e self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev veth18ece01e self permanent
33:33:ff:21:bf:7f dev veth18ece01e self permanent
33:33:00:00:00:fb dev veth18ece01e self permanent
#arp列表
[root@k8s-master ~]# arp -n
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
10.244.0.2 ether 7a:1c:2d:5d:0e:9e C cni0
172.25.254.1 ether 00:50:56:c0:00:08 C eth0
10.244.2.0 ether 82:14:17:b1:1d:d0 CM flannel.1
10.244.1.0 ether 22:7f:e7:fd:33:77 CM flannel.1
172.25.254.20 ether 00:0c:29:6a:a8:61 C eth0
172.25.254.10 ether 00:0c:29:ea:52:cb C eth0
10.244.0.3 ether b2:f9:14:9f:71:29 C cni0
172.25.254.2 ether 00:50:56:fc:e0:b9 C eth0
flannel支持的后端模式
| 网络模式 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| vxlan | 报文封装，默认模式 |
| Directrouting | 直接路由，跨网段使用vxlan，同网段使用host-gw模式 |
| host-gw | 主机网关，性能好，但只能在二层网络中，不支持跨网络 如果有成千上万的Pod，容易产生广播风暴，不推荐 |
| UDP | 性能差，不推荐 |
更改flannel的默认模式
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n kube-flannel edit cm kube-flannel-cfg
apiVersion: v1
data:
cni-conf.json: |
{
"name": "cbr0",
"cniVersion": "0.3.1",
"plugins": [
{
"type": "flannel",
"delegate": {
"hairpinMode": true,
"isDefaultGateway": true
}
},
{
"type": "portmap",
"capabilities": {
"portMappings": true
}
}
]
}
net-conf.json: |
{
"Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
"EnableNFTables": false,
"Backend": {
"Type": "host-gw" #更改内容
}
}
#重启pod
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl -n kube-flannel delete pod --all
pod "kube-flannel-ds-bk8wp" deleted
pod "kube-flannel-ds-mmftf" deleted
pod "kube-flannel-ds-tmfdn" deleted
[root@k8s-master ~]# ip r
default via 172.25.254.2 dev eth0 proto static metric 100
10.244.0.0/24 dev cni0 proto kernel scope link src 10.244.0.1
10.244.1.0/24 via 172.25.254.10 dev eth0
10.244.2.0/24 via 172.25.254.20 dev eth0
172.17.0.0/16 dev docker0 proto kernel scope link src 172.17.0.1 linkdown
172.25.254.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 172.25.254.100 metric 100
calico简介：
- 纯三层的转发，中间没有任何的NAT和overlay，转发效率最好。
- Calico 仅依赖三层路由可达。Calico 较少的依赖性使它能适配所有 VM、Container、白盒或者混合环境场景。
calico网络架构
Felix：监听ECTD中心的存储获取事件，用户创建pod后，Felix负责将其网卡、IP、MAC都设置好，然后在内核的路由表里面写一条，注明这个IP应该到这张网卡。同样如果用户制定了隔离策略，Felix同样会将该策略创建到ACL中，以实现隔离。
BIRD：一个标准的路由程序，它会从内核里面获取哪一些IP的路由发生了变化，然后通过标准BGP的路由协议扩散到整个其他的宿主机上，让外界都知道这个IP在这里，路由的时候到这里
部署calico
删除flannel插件
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl delete -f kube-flannel.yml
删除所有节点上flannel配置文件,避免冲突
[root@k8s-master & node1-2 ~]# rm -rf /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
下载部署文件
[root@k8s-master calico]# curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectcalico/calico/v3.28.1/manifests/calico-typha.yaml -o calico.yaml
下载镜像上传至仓库：
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker pull docker.io/calico/cni:v3.28.1
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker pull docker.io/calico/node:v3.28.1
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker pull docker.io/calico/kube-controllers:v3.28.1
[root@k8s-master ~]# docker pull docker.io/calico/typha:v3.28.1
更改yml设置
[root@k8s-master calico]# vim calico.yaml
4835 image: calico/cni:v3.28.1
4835 image: calico/cni:v3.28.1
4906 image: calico/node:v3.28.1
4932 image: calico/node:v3.28.1
5160 image: calico/kube-controllers:v3.28.1
5249 - image: calico/typha:v3.28.1
4970 - name: CALICO_IPV4POOL_IPIP
4971 value: "Never"
4999 - name: CALICO_IPV4POOL_CIDR
5000 value: "10.244.0.0/16"
5001 - name: CALICO_AUTODETECTION_METHOD
5002 value: "interface=eth0"
[root@k8s-master calico]# kubectl apply -f calico.yaml
[root@k8s-master calico]# kubectl -n kube-system get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
calico-kube-controllers-6849cb478c-g5h5p 1/1 Running 0 75s
calico-node-dzzjp 1/1 Running 0 75s
calico-node-ltz7n 1/1 Running 0 75s
calico-node-wzdnq 1/1 Running 0 75s
calico-typha-fff9df85f-vm5ks 1/1 Running 0 75s
coredns-647dc95897-nchjr 1/1 Running 1 (139m ago) 4d7h
coredns-647dc95897-wjbg2 1/1 Running 1 (139m ago) 4d7h
etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 (139m ago) 4d7h
kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 (139m ago) 3d10h
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 3 (139m ago) 4d7h
kube-proxy-9g5z2 1/1 Running 1 (139m ago) 3d10h
kube-proxy-cd5wk 1/1 Running 1 (139m ago) 3d10h
kube-proxy-mvq4c 1/1 Running 1 (139m ago) 3d10h
kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 3 (139m ago) 4d7h
k8s调度（Scheduling）
调度在Kubernetes中的作用
- 调度是指将未调度的Pod自动分配到集群中的节点的过程
- 调度器通过 kubernetes 的 watch 机制来发现集群中新创建且尚未被调度到 Node 上的 Pod
- 调度器会将发现的每一个未调度的 Pod 调度到一个合适的 Node 上来运行
调度原理：
- 创建Pod
- 用户通过Kubernetes API创建Pod对象，并在其中指定Pod的资源需求、容器镜像等信息。
- 调度器监视Pod
- Kubernetes调度器监视集群中的未调度Pod对象，并为其选择最佳的节点。
- 选择节点
- 调度器通过算法选择最佳的节点，并将Pod绑定到该节点上。调度器选择节点的依据包括节点的资源使用情况、Pod的资源需求、亲和性和反亲和性等。
- 绑定Pod到节点
- 调度器将Pod和节点之间的绑定信息保存在etcd数据库中，以便节点可以获取Pod的调度信息。
- 节点启动Pod
- 节点定期检查etcd数据库中的Pod调度信息，并启动相应的Pod。如果节点故障或资源不足，调度器会重新调度Pod，并将其绑定到其他节点上运行。
调度器种类
- 默认调度器（Default Scheduler）：
- 是Kubernetes中的默认调度器，负责对新创建的Pod进行调度，并将Pod调度到合适的节点上。
- 自定义调度器（Custom Scheduler）：
- 是一种自定义的调度器实现，可以根据实际需求来定义调度策略和规则，以实现更灵活和多样化的调度功能。
- 扩展调度器（Extended Scheduler）：
- 是一种支持调度器扩展器的调度器实现，可以通过调度器扩展器来添加自定义的调度规则和策略，以实现更灵活和多样化的调度功能。
- kube-scheduler是kubernetes中的默认调度器，在kubernetes运行后会自动在控制节点运行
常用调度方法
nodename
- nodeName 是节点选择约束的最简单方法，但一般不推荐
- 如果 nodeName 在 PodSpec 中指定了，则它优先于其他的节点选择方法
- 使用 nodeName 来选择节点的一些限制
- 如果指定的节点不存在。
- 如果指定的节点没有资源来容纳 pod，则pod 调度失败。
- 云环境中的节点名称并非总是可预测或稳定的
实例
#建立pod文件
[[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl run testpod --image myapp:v1 --dry-run=client -o yaml > pod1.yml
#设置调度
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# vim pod1.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
nodeName: k8s-node2
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: testpod
#建立pod
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl apply -f pod1.yml
pod/testpod created
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
testpod 1/1 Running 0 18s 10.244.169.130 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
Nodeselector(通过标签控制节点)
给选择的节点添加标签：
kubectl label nodes k8s-node1 lab=lee
- 可以给多个节点设定相同标签
示例：
#查看节点标签
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get nodes --show-labels
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION LABELS
k8s-master Ready control-plane 5d3h v1.30.0 beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-master,kubernetes.io/os=linux,node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane=,node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers=
k8s-node1 Ready <none> 5d3h v1.30.0 beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-node1,kubernetes.io/os=linux
k8s-node2 Ready <none> 5d3h v1.30.0 beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-node2,kubernetes.io/os=linux
#设定节点标签
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl label nodes k8s-node1 lab=timinglee
node/k8s-node1 labeled
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get nodes k8s-node1 --show-labels
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION LABELS
k8s-node1 Ready <none> 5d3h v1.30.0 beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-node1,kubernetes.io/os=linux,lab=timinglee
#调度设置
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# vim pod2.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
nodeSelector:
lab: timinglee
containers:
- image: myapp:v1
name: testpod
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl apply -f pod2.yml
pod/testpod created
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
testpod 1/1 Running 0 4s 10.244.36.65 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
亲和与反亲和
- nodeSelector 提供了一种非常简单的方法来将 pod 约束到具有特定标签的节点上。亲和/反亲和功能极大地扩展了你可以表达约束的类型。
- 使用节点上的 pod 的标签来约束，而不是使用节点本身的标签，来允许哪些 pod 可以或者不可以被放置在一起。
nodeAffinity节点亲和
- 那个节点服务指定条件就在那个节点运行
- requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution 必须满足，但不会影响已经调度
- preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution 倾向满足，在无法满足情况下也会调度pod
- IgnoreDuringExecution 表示如果在Pod运行期间Node的标签发生变化，导致亲和性策略不能满足，则继续运行当前的Pod。
- nodeaffinity还支持多种规则匹配条件的配置如
| 匹配规则 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| ln | label 的值在列表内 |
| Notln | label 的值不在列表内 |
| Gt | label 的值大于设置的值，不支持Pod亲和性 |
| Lt | label 的值小于设置的值，不支持pod亲和性 |
| Exists | 设置的label 存在 |
| DoesNotExist | 设置的 label 不存在 |
nodeAffinity示例
#示例1
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# vim pod3.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: node-affinity
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
affinity:
nodeAffinity:
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
nodeSelectorTerms:
- matchExpressions:
- key: disk
operator: In | NotIn #两个结果相反
values:
- ssd
Podaffinity（pod的亲和）
那个节点有符合条件的POD就在那个节点运行
- podAffinity 主要解决POD可以和哪些POD部署在同一个节点中的问题
- podAntiAffinity主要解决POD不能和哪些POD部署在同一个节点中的问题。它们处理的是Kubernetes集群内部POD和POD之间的关系。
- Pod 间亲和与反亲和在与更高级别的集合（例如 ReplicaSets，StatefulSets，Deployments 等）一起使用时，
- Pod 间亲和与反亲和需要大量的处理，这可能会显著减慢大规模集群中的调度。
Podaffinity示例
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# vim example4.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
affinity:
podAffinity:
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- labelSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: app
operator: In
values:
- nginx
topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
nginx-deployment-658496fff-d58bk 1/1 Running 0 39s 10.244.169.133 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
nginx-deployment-658496fff-g25nq 1/1 Running 0 39s 10.244.169.134 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
nginx-deployment-658496fff-vnlxz 1/1 Running 0 39s 10.244.169.135 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
Podantiaffinity（pod反亲和）
Podantiaffinity示例
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# vim example5.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
affinity:
podAntiAffinity: #反亲和
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- labelSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: app
operator: In
values:
- nginx
topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
nginx-deployment-5f5fc7b8b9-hs9kz 1/1 Running 0 6s 10.244.169.136 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
nginx-deployment-5f5fc7b8b9-ktzsh 0/1 Pending 0 6s <none> <none> <none> <none>
nginx-deployment-5f5fc7b8b9-txdt9 1/1 Running 0 6s 10.244.36.67 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
Taints（污点模式，禁止调度）
- Taints(污点)是Node的一个属性，设置了Taints后，默认Kubernetes是不会将Pod调度到这个Node上
- Kubernetes如果为Pod设置Tolerations(容忍)，只要Pod能够容忍Node上的污点，那么Kubernetes就会忽略Node上的污点，就能够(不是必须)把Pod调度过去
- 可以使用命令 kubectl taint 给节点增加一个 taint：
$ kubectl taint nodes <nodename> key=string:effect #命令执行方法
$ kubectl taint nodes node1 key=value:NoSchedule #创建
$ kubectl describe nodes server1 | grep Taints #查询
$ kubectl taint nodes node1 key- #删除
其中[effect] 可取值：
| effect值 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| NoSchedule | POD 不会被调度到标记为 taints 节点 |
| PreferNoSchedule | NoSchedule 的软策略版本，尽量不调度到此节点 |
| NoExecute | 如该节点内正在运行的 POD 没有对应 Tolerate 设置，会直接被逐出 |
Taints示例
#建立控制器并运行
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# vim example6.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: web
name: web
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: web
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: web
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl apply -f example6.yml
deployment.apps/web created
root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
web-7c56dcdb9b-9wwdg 1/1 Running 0 25s 10.244.36.68 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-qsx6w 1/1 Running 0 25s 10.244.169.137 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
#设定污点为NoSchedule
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 name=lee:NoSchedule
node/k8s-node1 tainted
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl describe nodes k8s-node1 | grep Tain
Taints: name=lee:NoSchedule
#控制器增加pod
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
web-7c56dcdb9b-4l759 1/1 Running 0 6s 10.244.169.140 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-9wwdg 1/1 Running 0 6m35s 10.244.36.68 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-bqd75 1/1 Running 0 6s 10.244.169.141 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-m8kx8 1/1 Running 0 6s 10.244.169.138 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-qsx6w 1/1 Running 0 6m35s 10.244.169.137 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-rhft4 1/1 Running 0 6s 10.244.169.139 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
#设定污点为NoExecute
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 name=lee:NoExecute
node/k8s-node1 tainted
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl describe nodes k8s-node1 | grep Tain
Taints: name=lee:NoExecute
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
web-7c56dcdb9b-4l759 1/1 Running 0 108s 10.244.169.140 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-bqd75 1/1 Running 0 108s 10.244.169.141 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-m8kx8 1/1 Running 0 108s 10.244.169.138 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-mhkhl 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 14s <none> k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-qsx6w 1/1 Running 0 8m17s 10.244.169.137 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
web-7c56dcdb9b-rhft4 1/1 Running 0 108s 10.244.169.139 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
#删除污点
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 name-
node/k8s-node1 untainted
[root@k8s-master scheduler]#
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl describe nodes k8s-node1 | grep Tain
Taints: <none>
tolerations（污点容忍）
- tolerations中定义的key、value、effect，要与node上设置的taint保持一直：
- 如果 operator 是 Equal ，则key与value之间的关系必须相等。
- 如果 operator 是 Exists ，value可以省略
- 如果不指定operator属性，则默认值为Equal。
- 还有两个特殊值：
- 当不指定key，再配合Exists 就能匹配所有的key与value ，可以容忍所有污点。
- 当不指定effect ，则匹配所有的effect
污点容忍示例：
#设定节点污点
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 name=lee:NoExecute
node/k8s-node1 tainted
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# kubectl taint node k8s-node2 nodetype=bad:NoSchedule
node/k8s-node2 tainted
[root@k8s-master scheduler]# vim example7.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: web
name: web
spec:
replicas: 6
selector:
matchLabels:
app: web
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: web
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
tolerations: #容忍所有污点
- operator: Exists
tolerations: #容忍effect为Noschedule的污点
- operator: Exists
effect: NoSchedule
tolerations: #容忍指定kv的NoSchedule污点
- key: nodetype
value: bad
effect: NoSchedule
七、认证(在k8s中建立认证用户)
创建UserAccount
建立证书
[root@k8s-master auth]# cd /etc/kubernetes/pki/
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl genrsa -out timinglee.key 2048
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl req -new -key timinglee.key -out timinglee.csr -subj "/CN=timinglee"
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl x509 -req -in timinglee.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out timinglee.crt -days 365
Certificate request self-signature ok
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl x509 -in timinglee.crt -text -noout
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 1 (0x0)
Serial Number:
76:06:6c:a7:36:53:b9:3f:5a:6a:93:3a:f2:e8:82:96:27:57:8e:58
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: CN = kubernetes
Validity
Not Before: Sep 8 15:59:55 2024 GMT
Not After : Sep 8 15:59:55 2025 GMT
Subject: CN = timinglee
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
00:a6:6d:be:5d:7f:4c:bf:36:96:dc:4e:1b:24:64:
f7:4b:57:d3:45:ad:e8:b5:07:e7:78:2b:9e:6e:53:
2f:16:ff:00:f4:c8:41:2c:89:3d:86:7c:1b:16:08:
2e:2c:bc:2c:1e:df:60:f0:80:60:f9:79:49:91:1d:
9f:47:16:9a:d1:86:c7:4f:02:55:27:12:93:b7:f4:
07:fe:13:64:fd:78:32:8d:12:d5:c2:0f:be:67:65:
f2:56:e4:d1:f6:fe:f6:d5:7c:2d:1d:c8:90:2a:ac:
3f:62:85:9f:4a:9d:85:73:33:26:5d:0f:4a:a9:14:
12:d4:fb:b3:b9:73:d0:a3:be:58:41:cb:a0:62:3e:
1b:44:ef:61:b5:7f:4a:92:5b:e3:71:77:99:b4:ea:
4d:27:80:14:e9:95:4c:d5:62:56:d6:54:7b:f7:c2:
ea:0e:47:b2:19:75:59:22:00:bd:ea:83:6b:cd:12:
46:7a:4a:79:83:ee:bc:59:6f:af:8e:1a:fd:aa:b4:
bd:84:4d:76:38:e3:1d:ea:56:b5:1e:07:f5:39:ef:
56:57:a2:3d:91:c0:3f:38:ce:36:5d:c7:fe:5e:0f:
53:75:5a:f0:6e:37:71:4b:90:03:2f:2e:11:bb:a1:
a1:5b:dc:89:b8:19:79:0a:ee:e9:b5:30:7d:16:44:
4a:53
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Signature Value:
62:db:0b:58:a9:59:57:91:7e:de:9e:bb:20:2f:24:fe:b7:7f:
33:aa:d5:74:0e:f9:96:ce:1b:a9:65:08:7f:22:6b:45:ee:58:
68:d8:26:44:33:5e:45:e1:82:b2:5c:99:41:6b:1e:fa:e8:1a:
a2:f1:8f:44:22:e1:d6:58:5f:4c:28:3d:e0:78:21:ea:aa:85:
08:a5:c8:b3:34:19:d3:c7:e2:fe:a2:a4:f5:68:18:53:5f:ff:
7d:35:22:3c:97:3d:4e:ad:62:5f:bb:4d:88:fb:67:f4:d5:2d:
81:c8:2c:6c:5e:0e:e2:2c:f5:e9:07:34:16:01:e2:bf:1f:cd:
6a:66:db:b6:7b:92:df:13:a1:d0:58:d8:4d:68:96:66:e3:00:
6e:ce:11:99:36:9c:b3:b5:81:bf:d1:5b:d7:f2:08:5e:7d:ea:
97:fe:b3:80:d6:27:1c:89:e6:f2:f3:03:fc:dc:de:83:5e:24:
af:46:a6:2a:8e:b1:34:67:51:2b:19:eb:4c:78:12:ac:00:4e:
58:5e:fd:6b:4c:ce:73:dd:b3:91:73:4a:d6:6f:2c:86:25:f0:
6a:fb:96:66:b3:39:a4:b0:d9:46:c2:fc:6b:06:b2:90:9c:13:
e1:02:8b:6f:6e:ab:cf:e3:21:7e:a9:76:c1:38:15:eb:e6:2d:
a5:6f:e5:ab
#建立k8s中的用户
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config set-credentials timinglee --client-certificate /etc/kubernetes/pki/timinglee.crt --client-key /etc/kubernetes/pki/timinglee.key --embed-certs=true
User "timinglee" set.
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config view
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
certificate-authority-data: DATA+OMITTED
server: https://172.25.254.100:6443
name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
cluster: kubernetes
user: kubernetes-admin
name: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
current-context: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: kubernetes-admin
user:
client-certificate-data: DATA+OMITTED
client-key-data: DATA+OMITTED
- name: timinglee
user:
client-certificate-data: DATA+OMITTED
client-key-data: DATA+OMITTED
#为用户创建集群的安全上下文
root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config set-context timinglee@kubernetes --cluster kubernetes --user timinglee
Context "timinglee@kubernetes" created.
#切换用户，用户在集群中只有用户身份没有授权
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl config use-context timinglee@kubernetes
Switched to context "timinglee@kubernetes".
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods
Error from server (Forbidden): pods is forbidden: User "timinglee" cannot list resource "pods" in API group "" in the namespace "default"
#切换会集群管理
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl config use-context kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
Switched to context "kubernetes-admin@kubernetes".
#如果需要删除用户
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config delete-user timinglee
deleted user timinglee from /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
RBAC（Role Based Access Control）
基于角色访问控制授权：
-
允许管理员通过Kubernetes API动态配置授权策略。RBAC就是用户通过角色与权限进行关联。
-
RBAC只有授权，没有拒绝授权，所以只需要定义允许该用户做什么即可
-
RBAC的三个基本概念
-
Subject：被作用者，它表示k8s中的三类主体， user， group， serviceAccount
-
Role：角色，它其实是一组规则，定义了一组对 Kubernetes API 对象的操作权限。
-
RoleBinding：定义了“被作用者”和“角色”的绑定关系
-
-
RBAC包括四种类型：Role、ClusterRole、RoleBinding、ClusterRoleBinding
-
Role 和 ClusterRole
-
Role是一系列的权限的集合，Role只能授予单个namespace 中资源的访问权限。
-
ClusterRole 跟 Role 类似，但是可以在集群中全局使用。
-
Kubernetes 还提供了四个预先定义好的 ClusterRole 来供用户直接使用
-
cluster-amdin、admin、edit、view
-
role授权实施
#生成role的yaml文件
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl create role myrole --dry-run=client --verb=get --resource pods -o yaml > myrole.yml
#更改文件内容
[root@k8s-master rbac]# vim myrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: myrole
rules:
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- pods
verbs:
- get
- watch
- list
- create
- update
- path
- delete
#创建role
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl apply -f myrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl describe role myrole
Name: myrole
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
PolicyRule:
Resources Non-Resource URLs Resource Names Verbs
--------- ----------------- -------------- -----
pods [] [] [get watch list create update path delete]
#建立角色绑定
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl create rolebinding timinglee --role myrole --namespace default --user timinglee --dry-run=client -o yaml > rolebinding-myrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]# vim rolebinding-myrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: timinglee
namespace: default #角色绑定必须指定namespace
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: myrole
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: User
name: timinglee
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl apply -f rolebinding-myrole.yml
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/timinglee created
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get rolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io timinglee
NAME ROLE AGE
timinglee Role/myrole 9s
#切换用户测试授权
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl config use-context timinglee@kubernetes
Switched to context "timinglee@kubernetes".
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get pods
No resources found in default namespace.
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get svc #只针对pod进行了授权，所以svc依然不能操作
Error from server (Forbidden): services is forbidden: User "timinglee" cannot list resource "services" in API group "" in the namespace "default"
#切换回管理员
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl config use-context kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
Switched to context "kubernetes-admin@kubernetes".
clusterrole授权实施
#建立集群角色
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl create clusterrole myclusterrole --resource=deployment --verb get --dry-run=client -o yaml > myclusterrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]# vim myclusterrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: myclusterrole
rules:
- apiGroups:
- apps
resources:
- deployments
verbs:
- get
- list
- watch
- create
- update
- path
- delete
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- pods
verbs:
- get
- list
- watch
- create
- update
- path
- delete
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl describe clusterrole myclusterrole
Name: myclusterrole
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
PolicyRule:
Resources Non-Resource URLs Resource Names Verbs
--------- ----------------- -------------- -----
deployments.apps [] [] [get list watch create update path delete]
pods.apps [] [] [get list watch create update path delete]
#建立集群角色绑定
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl create clusterrolebinding clusterrolebind-myclusterrole --clusterrole myclusterrole --user timinglee --dry-run=client -o yaml > clusterrolebind-myclusterrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]# vim clusterrolebind-myclusterrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: clusterrolebind-myclusterrole
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: myclusterrole
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: User
name: timinglee
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl describe clusterrolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io clusterrolebind-myclusterrole
Name: clusterrolebind-myclusterrole
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Role:
Kind: ClusterRole
Name: myclusterrole
Subjects:
Kind Name Namespace
---- ---- ---------
User timinglee
#测试：
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get pods -A
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get deployments.apps -A
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get svc -A
Error from server (Forbidden): services is forbidden: User "timinglee" cannot list resource "services" in API group "" at the cluster scope
服务账户的自动化
服务账户准入控制器（Service account admission controller）
-
如果该 pod 没有 ServiceAccount 设置，将其 ServiceAccount 设为 default。
-
保证 pod 所关联的 ServiceAccount 存在，否则拒绝该 pod。
-
如果 pod 不包含 ImagePullSecrets 设置，那么 将 ServiceAccount 中的 ImagePullSecrets 信息添加到 pod 中。
-
将一个包含用于 API 访问的 token 的 volume 添加到 pod 中。
-
将挂载于 /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount 的 volumeSource 添加到 pod 下的每个容器中。
服务账户控制器（Service account controller）
服务账户管理器管理各命名空间下的服务账户，并且保证每个活跃的命名空间下存在一个名为 “default” 的服务账户
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