MVC模式(Model-View-Controller)是软件工程中的一种软件架构 模式,把软件系统分为三个基本部分:模型(Model),视图(View)和控制器(Controller).通过分层使开发的软件结构更清晰,从而达到开发效率的提高,可维护性和扩展性得到提高.spring 提供的MVC框架是在J2EE Web开发中对MVC模式的一个实现,本文通过实例讲解一下Spring MVC 的使用.
先来看一个HTTP request在Spring的MVC框架是怎么被处理的:(图片来源于Spring in Action)
1,DispatcherServlet是Spring MVC的核心,它的本质是一个实现了J2EE标准中定义的HttpServlet,通过在web.xml配置<servlet-mapping>,来实现对request的监听.
< servlet > < servlet-name > springTestServlet </ servlet-name > < servlet-class > org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </ servlet-class > < load-on-startup > 2 </ load-on-startup > </ servlet > < servlet-mapping > < servlet-name > springTestServlet </ servlet-name > < url-pattern > *.do </ url-pattern > </ servlet-mapping >
** 以.do结尾的request都会由springTestServlet来处理.
2,3,当接受到request的时候,DispatcherServlet根据HandlerMapping的配置(HandlerMapping的配置文件默认根据<servlet-name>的值来决定,这里会读取springTestServlet-servlet.xml来获得HandlerMapping的配置信息),调用相应的Controller来对request进行业务处理.
< bean id = "simpleUrlMapping" class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping" > < property name = "mappings" > < props > < prop key = "/login.do" > loginController </ prop > </ props > </ property > </ bean > < bean id = "loginController" class = "com.test.spring.mvc.contoller.LoginController" > < property name = "sessionForm" > < value > true </ value > </ property > < property name = "commandName" > < value > loginCommand </ value > </ property > < property name = "commandClass" > < value > com.test.spring.mvc.commands.LoginCommand </ value > </ property > < property name = "authenticationService" > < ref bean = "authenticationService" /> </ property > < property name = "formView" > < value > login </ value > </ property > < property name = "successView" > < value > loginDetail </ value > </ property > </ bean >
** 以login.do结尾的request由loginController来处理.<property name="formView">配置的是Controller接收到HTTP GET请求的时候需要显示的逻辑视图名,本例是显示login.jsp,<property name="successView">配置的是在接收到HTTP POST请求的时候需要显示的逻辑视图名,在本例中即login.jsp提交的时候需要显示名为loginDetail的逻辑视图.
4,Controller进行业务处理之后,返回一个ModelAndView对象.
return new ModelAndView(getSuccessView(), "loginDetail" ,loginDetail);
5,6,DispatcherServlet根据ViewResolver的配置(本例是在springTestServlet-servlet.xml文件中配置)将逻辑view转换到真正要显示的View,如JSP等.
< bean id = "viewResolver" class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" > < property name = "viewClass" > < value > org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView </ value > </ property > < property name = "prefix" > < value > /jsp/ </ value > </ property > < property name = "suffix" > < value > .jsp </ value > </ property > </ bean >
**其作用是将Controller中返回的ModleAndView解析到具体的资源(JSP文件),如上例中的return new ModelAndView(getSuccessView();按照上面ViewResolver配置,会解析成/jsp/loginDetail.jsp.规则为prefix+ModelAndView的第二个参数+suffix.
示例的完整代码如下:
1web.xml:
<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?> < web-app id = "WebApp_ID" version = "2.4" xmlns = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" > < display-name > prjSpring3</ display-name > < servlet > < servlet-name > springTestServlet </ servlet-name > < servlet-class > org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </ servlet-class > < load-on-startup > 2 </ load-on-startup > </ servlet > < servlet-mapping > < servlet-name > springTestServlet </ servlet-name > < url-pattern > *.do </ url-pattern > </ servlet-mapping > < listener > < listener-class > org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </ listener-class > </ listener > < listener > < listener-class > org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener </ listener-class > </ listener > < context-param > < param-name > contextConfigLocation </ param-name > < param-value > /WEB-INF/springTest-services.xml </ param-value > </ context-param > < jsp-config > < taglib > < taglib-uri > /spring </ taglib-uri > < taglib-location > /WEB-INF/spring.tld </ taglib-location > </ taglib > </ jsp-config > </ web-app >
2,springTestServlet-servlet.xml的内容如下:
<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?> < beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd" > < bean id = "simpleUrlMapping" class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping" > < property name = "mappings" > < props > < prop key = "/login.do" > loginController </ prop > </ props > </ property > </ bean > < bean id = "loginController" class = "com.test.spring.mvc.contoller.LoginController" > < property name = "sessionForm" > < value > true </ value > </ property > < property name = "commandName" > < value > loginCommand </ value > </ property > < property name = "commandClass" > < value > com.test.spring.mvc.commands.LoginCommand </ value > </ property > < property name = "authenticationService" > < ref bean = "authenticationService" /> </ property > < property name = "formView" > < value > login </ value > </ property > < property name = "successView" > < value > loginDetail </ value > </ property > </ bean > < bean id = "viewResolver" class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" > < property name = "viewClass" > < value > org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView </ value > </ property > < property name = "prefix" > < value > /jsp/ </ value > </ property > < property name = "suffix" > < value > .jsp </ value > </ property > </ bean > </ beans >
3,springTest-services.xml的内容:
<bean id="authenticationService" class="com.test.spring.mvc.services.AuthenticationService"/>
4,Java 代码:
public class LoginController extends SimpleFormController { org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet t; protected ModelAndView onSubmit(Object command) throws Exception{ LoginCommand loginCommand = (LoginCommand) command; authenticationService.authenticate(loginCommand); LoginDetail loginDetail = authenticationService.getLoginDetail(loginCommand.getUserId()); return new ModelAndView(getSuccessView(), "loginDetail" ,loginDetail); } private AuthenticationService authenticationService; public AuthenticationService getAuthenticationService() { return authenticationService; } public void setAuthenticationService( AuthenticationService authenticationService) { this .authenticationService = authenticationService; } .... public class LoginCommand { private String userId; private String password; .... public class LoginDetail { private String userName; public class AuthenticationService { public void authenticate(LoginCommand command) throws Exception{ if (command.getUserId()!= null && command.getUserId().equalsIgnoreCase( "test" ) && command.getPassword()!= null && command.getPassword().equalsIgnoreCase( "test" )){ }else { throw new Exception( "User id is not authenticated" ); } } public LoginDetail getLoginDetail(String userId){ return new LoginDetail(userId); } }
5,JSP文件:放在web-inf的jsp文件夹内
login.jsp: < html > < head > < title > Login to Spring Test </ title > </ head > < body > < h1 > Please enter your userid and password. </ h1 > < form method = "post" action = "login.do" > < table width = "95%" bgcolor = "f8f8ff" border = "0" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "5" > < tr > < td alignment = "right" width = "20%" > User id: </ td > < td width = "20%" > < input type = "text" name = "userId" value = "test" > </ td > < td width = "60%" > </ tr > < tr > < td alignment = "right" width = "20%" > Password: </ td > < td width = "20%" > < input type = "password" name = "password" value = "test" > </ td > < td width = "60%" > </ tr > </ table > < br > < input type = "submit" alignment = "center" value = "login" > </ form > </ body > </ html > loginDetail.jsp: < %@ taglib uri = "http://java.sun.com/jstl/core_rt" prefix = "c" % > < html > < head > < title > Login to Spring Test </ title > </ head > < body > < h1 > Login Details: </ h1 > < br /> Login as: < c:out value = "${loginDetail.userName}" /> < br /> < a href = "/S3/login.do" > logout </ a > </ body > </ html >
在浏览器的地址栏输入http://localhost:8080/XXX/login.do进入login.jsp页面.
对配置的一些扩充点:
1为HandlerMapping和Controller的配置指定文件名称.
< servlet > < servlet-name > springTestServlet </ servlet-name > < servlet-class > org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </ servlet-class > < init-param > < param-name > contextConfigLocation </ param-name > < param-value > classpath*:/xxx.xml </ param-value > </ init-param > < load-on-startup > 1 </ load-on-startup > </ servlet >
2,加入对MVC注解的支持:
<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xsi:schemaLocation="http: http: http: <context:annotation-config /> <context:component-scan base-package = "com.test.spring.mvc.contoller" /> <mvc:annotation-driven /> @Controller public class AnnotationController { @RequestMapping ( "annotation.do" ) protected void test(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{ response.getWriter().println("test Spring MVC annotation" ); }
3,注解和SimpleFormController同时使用需要在DispatcherServlet对应的servlet配置文件(本例是springTestServlet-servlet.xml)里面配置:
<bean class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter" /> 否则会发生下面的异常: javax.servlet.ServletException: No adapter for handler [com.test.spring.mvc.contoller.LoginController @6ac615 ]: Does your handler implement a supported interface like Controller? org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.getHandlerAdapter(DispatcherServlet.java:982 ) org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:770 ) org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:716 ) org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:647 ) org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:552 ) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:621 ) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:722 )
在WEB应用中的context配置文件通过下面的方式load,ContextLoaderListener是一个实现了ServletContextListener的listener,
它能够访问<context-param>而得到配置文件的路径,加载后初始化了一个WebApplicationContext,并且将其作为Attribute放在了servletContext中,
所有可以访问servletContext的地方则可以访问WebApplicationContext.
< listener > < listener-class > org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </ listener-class > </ listener > < context-param > < param-name > contextConfigLocation </ param-name > < param-value > /WEB-INF/springTest-services.xml, classpath:conf/jndiDSAppcontext.xml </ param-value > </ context-param >
分享一个关于Spring MVC不错的链接 http://www.iteye.com/topic/1119598