HttpClient详细解释

Http协议的重要性相信不用我多说了,HttpClient相比传统JDK自带的URLConnection,增加了易用性和灵活性(具体区别,日后我们再讨论),它不仅是客户端发送Http请求变得容易,而且也方便了开发人员测试接口(基于Http协议的),即提高了开发的效率,也方便提高代码的健壮性。因此熟练掌握HttpClient是很重要的必修内容,掌握HttpClient后,相信对于Http协议的了解会更加深入。

org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient与org.apache.http.client.HttpClient的区别:

Commons的HttpClient项目现在是生命的尽头,不再被开发, 已被Apache HttpComponents项目HttpClient和的HttpCore 模组取代,提供更好的性能和更大的灵活性。

一、简介

HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子项目,用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持HTTP协议的客户端编程工具包,并且它支持HTTP协议最新的版本和建议。HttpClient已经应用在很多的项目中,比如Apache Jakarta上很著名的另外两个开源项目Cactus和HTMLUnit都使用了HttpClient。
下载地址: http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi

二、特性

  1. 基于标准、纯净的java语言。实现了Http1.0和Http1.1
  2. 以可扩展的面向对象的结构实现了Http全部的方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE)。
  3. 支持HTTPS协议。
  4. 通过Http代理建立透明的连接。
  5. 利用CONNECT方法通过Http代理建立隧道的https连接。
  6. Basic, Digest, NTLMv1, NTLMv2, NTLM2 Session, SNPNEGO/Kerberos认证方案。
  7. 插件式的自定义认证方案。
  8. 便携可靠的套接字工厂使它更容易的使用第三方解决方案。
  9. 连接管理器支持多线程应用。支持设置最大连接数,同时支持设置每个主机的最大连接数,发现并关闭过期的连接。
  10. 自动处理Set-Cookie中的Cookie。
  11. 插件式的自定义Cookie策略。
  12. Request的输出流可以避免流中内容直接缓冲到socket服务器。
  13. Response的输入流可以有效的从socket服务器直接读取相应内容。
  14. 在http1.0和http1.1中利用KeepAlive保持持久连接。
  15. 直接获取服务器发送的response code和 headers。
  16. 设置连接超时的能力。
  17. 实验性的支持http1.1 response caching。
  18. 源代码基于Apache License 可免费获取。

三、使用方法

使用HttpClient发送请求、接收响应很简单,一般需要如下几步即可。

  1. 创建HttpClient对象。
  2. 创建请求方法的实例,并指定请求URL。如果需要发送GET请求,创建HttpGet对象;如果需要发送POST请求,创建HttpPost对象。
  3. 如果需要发送请求参数,可调用HttpGet、HttpPost共同的setParams(HetpParams params)方法来添加请求参数;对于HttpPost对象而言,也可调用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法来设置请求参数。
  4. 调用HttpClient对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)发送请求,该方法返回一个HttpResponse。
  5. 调用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可获取服务器的响应头;调用HttpResponse的getEntity()方法可获取HttpEntity对象,该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容。
  6. 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功,都必须释放连接

相关jar包

commons-cli-1.2.jar  
commons-codec-1.9.jar  
commons-logging-1.2.jar  
fluent-hc-4.5.1.jar  
httpclient-4.5.1.jar  
httpclient-cache-4.5.1.jar  
httpclient-win-4.5.1.jar  
httpcore-4.4.3.jar  
httpcore-ab-4.4.3.jar  
httpcore-nio-4.4.3.jar  
httpmime-4.5.1.jar  
jna-4.1.0.jar  
jna-platform-4.1.0.jar  

最简单post请求, 源自http://my.oschina.net/xinxingegeya/blog/282683

package a;  
   
import java.io.FileInputStream;  
import java.io.IOException;  
import java.util.ArrayList;  
import java.util.List;  
import java.util.Properties;  
   
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;  
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;  
import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;  
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;  
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;  
import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;  
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;  
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;  
import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;  
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;  
   
public class First {  
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{  
    	 //NameValuePair是简单名称值对节点类型。多用于Java像url发送Post请求。在发送post请求时用该list来存放参数
        List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();  
        formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("account", ""));  
        formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", ""));  
        HttpEntity reqEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "utf-8");  
    
        RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()  
        .setConnectTimeout(5000)//一、连接超时:connectionTimeout-->指的是连接一个url的连接等待时间  
        .setSocketTimeout(5000)// 二、读取数据超时:SocketTimeout-->指的是连接上一个url,获取response的返回等待时间  
        .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5000)  
        .build();  
    
        HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();  
        HttpPost post = new HttpPost("http://cnivi.com.cn/login");  
        post.setEntity(reqEntity);  
        post.setConfig(requestConfig);  
        HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);  
    
        if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {  
            HttpEntity resEntity = response.getEntity();  
            String message = EntityUtils.toString(resEntity, "utf-8");  
            System.out.println(message);  
        } else {  
            System.out.println("请求失败");  
        }  
    }  
   
}  

HttpClientUtils工具类

package com.bobo.code.web.controller.technology.httpcomponents;  
      
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;  
import org.apache.http.HttpHost;  
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;  
import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;  
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;  
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;  
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;  
import org.apache.http.client.methods.RequestBuilder;  
import org.apache.http.conn.routing.HttpRoute;  
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;  
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;  
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;  
import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;  
import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;  
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;  
    
import java.io.IOException;  
import java.util.*;  
    
public class HttpClientUtils {  
    
    private static PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = null;  
    private static HttpClientBuilder httpBuilder = null;  
    private static RequestConfig requestConfig = null;  
    
    private static int MAXCONNECTION = 10;  
    private static int DEFAULTMAXCONNECTION = 5;  
    
    private static String IP = "cnivi.com.cn";  
    private static int PORT = 80;  
    
    static {  
        //设置http的状态参数  
        requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()  
                .setSocketTimeout(5000)  
                .setConnectTimeout(5000)  
                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5000)  
                .build();  
    
        HttpHost target = new HttpHost(IP, PORT);  
        connectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();  
        connectionManager.setMaxTotal(MAXCONNECTION);//客户端总并行链接最大数  
        connectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(DEFAULTMAXCONNECTION);//每个主机的最大并行链接数  
        connectionManager.setMaxPerRoute(new HttpRoute(target), 20);  
        httpBuilder = HttpClients.custom();  
        httpBuilder.setConnectionManager(connectionManager);  
    }  
    
    public static CloseableHttpClient getConnection() {  
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = httpBuilder.build();  
        return httpClient;  
    }  
   
    public static HttpUriRequest getRequestMethod(Map<String, String> map, String url, String method) {  
        List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();  
        Set<Map.Entry<String, String>> entrySet = map.entrySet();  
        for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : entrySet) {  
            String name = e.getKey();  
            String value = e.getValue();  
            NameValuePair pair = new BasicNameValuePair(name, value);  
            params.add(pair);  
        }  
        HttpUriRequest reqMethod = null;  
        if ("post".equals(method)) {  
            reqMethod = RequestBuilder.post().setUri(url)  
                    .addParameters(params.toArray(new BasicNameValuePair[params.size()]))  
                    .setConfig(requestConfig).build();  
        } else if ("get".equals(method)) {  
            reqMethod = RequestBuilder.get().setUri(url)  
                    .addParameters(params.toArray(new BasicNameValuePair[params.size()]))  
                    .setConfig(requestConfig).build();  
        }  
        return reqMethod;  
    }  
    
    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {  
        Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();  
        map.put("account", "");  
        map.put("password", "");  
    
        HttpClient client = getConnection();  
        HttpUriRequest post = getRequestMethod(map, "http://cnivi.com.cn/login", "post");  
        HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);  
    
        if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {  
            HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();  
            String message = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");  
            System.out.println(message);  
        } else {  
            System.out.println("请求失败");  
        }  
    }  
}  

get方式

/** 
     * 发送 get请求 
     */   
    public void get() {   
        CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();   
        try {   
            // 创建httpget.     
            HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.baidu.com/");   
            System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());   
            // 执行get请求.     
            CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);   
            try {   
                // 获取响应实体     
                HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();   
                System.out.println("--------------------------------------");   
                // 打印响应状态     
                System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());   
                if (entity != null) {   
                    // 打印响应内容长度     
                    System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());   
                    // 打印响应内容     
                    System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity));   
                }   
                System.out.println("------------------------------------");   
            } finally {   
                response.close();   
            }   
        } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {   
            e.printStackTrace();   
        } catch (ParseException e) {   
            e.printStackTrace();   
        } catch (IOException e) {   
            e.printStackTrace();   
        } finally {   
            // 关闭连接,释放资源     
            try {   
                httpclient.close();   
            } catch (IOException e) {   
                e.printStackTrace();   
            }   
        }   
    }   

post方式

/** 
     * 发送 post请求访问本地应用并根据传递参数不同返回不同结果 
     */   
    public void post() {   
        // 创建默认的httpClient实例.     
        CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();   
        // 创建httppost     
        HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");   
        // 创建参数队列     
        List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();   
        formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("type", "house"));   
        UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;   
        try {   
            uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");   
            httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);   
            System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());   
            CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);   
            try {   
                HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();   
                if (entity != null) {   
                    System.out.println("--------------------------------------");   
                    System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));   
                    System.out.println("--------------------------------------");   
                }   
            } finally {   
                response.close();   
            }   
        } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {   
            e.printStackTrace();   
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {   
            e1.printStackTrace();   
        } catch (IOException e) {   
            e.printStackTrace();   
        } finally {   
            // 关闭连接,释放资源     
            try {   
                httpclient.close();   
            } catch (IOException e) {   
                e.printStackTrace();   
            }   
        }   
    }

post方式乱码补充 
如果有乱码,可以偿试使用 StringEntity 来替换HttpEntity:

StringEntity content =new StringEntity(soapRequestData.toString(), Charset.forName("UTF-8"));// 第二个参数,设置后才会对,内容进行编码  
        content.setContentType("application/soap+xml; charset=UTF-8");  
        content.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");  
        httppost.setEntity(content);  

关于RequestConfig的配置:
源自:
http://segmentfault.com/a/1190000000587944
http://blog.csdn.net/walkerjong/article/details/51710945

public void requestConfig(){  
//      新建一个RequestConfig:  
        RequestConfig defaultRequestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()  
            //一、连接目标服务器超时时间:ConnectionTimeout-->指的是连接一个url的连接等待时间  
            .setConnectTimeout(5000)  
            //二、读取目标服务器数据超时时间:SocketTimeout-->指的是连接上一个url,获取response的返回等待时间  
            .setSocketTimeout(5000)  
            //三、从连接池获取连接的超时时间:ConnectionRequestTimeout  
            .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5000)  
            .build();  
           
//      这个超时可以设置为客户端级别,作为所有请求的默认值:  
        CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()  
            .setDefaultRequestConfig(defaultRequestConfig)  
            .build();  
//       httpclient.execute(httppost);的时候可以让httppost直接享受到httpclient中的默认配置.  
           
//      Request不会继承客户端级别的请求配置,所以在自定义Request的时候,需要将客户端的默认配置拷贝过去:  
        HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.apache.org/");  
        RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.copy(defaultRequestConfig)  
            .setProxy(new HttpHost("myotherproxy", 8080))  
            .build();  
        httpget.setConfig(requestConfig);  
//      httpget可以单独地使用新copy的requestConfig请求配置,不会对别的request请求产生影响  
    }  

httpGet或httpPost 的abort()和releaseConnection()差异

httpPost.abort();//中断请求,接下来可以开始另一段请求,所以个人理应,用这个应该可以在session中虚拟登录  
httpPost.releaseConnection();//释放请求.如果释放了相当于要清空session  

原博主整理的HttpClientTool

package com.isoftstone.core.util;  
  
import java.io.IOException;  
import java.io.InterruptedIOException;  
import java.net.UnknownHostException;  
  
import javax.net.ssl.SSLException;  
import javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException;  
  
import org.apache.http.HttpEntityEnclosingRequest;  
import org.apache.http.HttpHost;  
import org.apache.http.HttpRequest;  
import org.apache.http.NoHttpResponseException;  
import org.apache.http.client.HttpRequestRetryHandler;  
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;  
import org.apache.http.client.protocol.HttpClientContext;  
import org.apache.http.config.Registry;  
import org.apache.http.config.RegistryBuilder;  
import org.apache.http.conn.ConnectTimeoutException;  
import org.apache.http.conn.routing.HttpRoute;  
import org.apache.http.conn.socket.ConnectionSocketFactory;  
import org.apache.http.conn.socket.LayeredConnectionSocketFactory;  
import org.apache.http.conn.socket.PlainConnectionSocketFactory;  
import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;  
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;  
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;  
import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;  
import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;  
  
/** 
 * org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient链接池生成工具 
 * @reference http://www.cnblogs.com/whatlonelytear/articles/4835538.html 
 * @author King 
 * @date 20170601 
 */  
public class HttpClientTool {  
  
    // org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient  
    private static CloseableHttpClient httpclient = null;  
  
    // 这里就直接默认固定了,因为以下三个参数在新建的method中仍然可以重新配置并被覆盖.  
    static final int connectionRequestTimeout = 5000;// ms毫秒,从池中获取链接超时时间  
    static final int connectTimeout = 5000;// ms毫秒,建立链接超时时间  
    static final int socketTimeout = 30000;// ms毫秒,读取超时时间  
  
    // 总配置,主要涉及是以下两个参数,如果要作调整没有用到properties会比较后麻烦,但鉴于一经粘贴,随处可用的特点,就不再做依赖性配置化处理了.  
    // 而且这个参数同一家公司基本不会变动.  
    static final int maxTotal = 500;// 最大总并发,很重要的参数  
    static final int maxPerRoute = 100;// 每路并发,很重要的参数  
  
    // 正常情况这里应该配成MAP或LIST  
    // 细化配置参数,用来对每路参数做精细化处理,可以管控各ip的流量,比如默认配置请求baidu:80端口最大100个并发链接,  
    static final String detailHostName = "http://www.baidu.com";// 每个细化配置之ip(不重要,在特殊场景很有用)  
    static final int detailPort = 80;// 每个细化配置之port(不重要,在特殊场景很有用)  
    static final int detailMaxPerRoute = 100;// 每个细化配置之最大并发数(不重要,在特殊场景很有用)  
  
    public static CloseableHttpClient getHttpClient() {  
        if (null == httpclient) {  
            synchronized (HttpClientTool.class) {  
                if (null == httpclient) {  
                    httpclient = init();  
                }  
            }  
        }  
        return httpclient;  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 链接池初始化 这里最重要的一点理解就是. 让CloseableHttpClient 一直活在池的世界里, 但是HttpPost却一直用完就消掉. 
     * 这样可以让链接一直保持着. 
     *  
     * @return 
     */  
    private static CloseableHttpClient init() {  
        CloseableHttpClient newHttpclient = null;  
  
        // 设置连接池  
        ConnectionSocketFactory plainsf = PlainConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory();  
        LayeredConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = SSLConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory();  
        Registry<ConnectionSocketFactory> registry = RegistryBuilder.<ConnectionSocketFactory> create().register("http", plainsf).register("https", sslsf).build();  
        PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(registry);  
        // 将最大连接数增加  
        cm.setMaxTotal(maxTotal);  
        // 将每个路由基础的连接增加  
        cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(maxPerRoute);  
  
        // 细化配置开始,其实这里用Map或List的for循环来配置每个链接,在特殊场景很有用.  
        // 将每个路由基础的连接做特殊化配置,一般用不着  
        HttpHost httpHost = new HttpHost(detailHostName, detailPort);  
        // 将目标主机的最大连接数增加  
        cm.setMaxPerRoute(new HttpRoute(httpHost), detailMaxPerRoute);  
        // cm.setMaxPerRoute(new HttpRoute(httpHost2),  
        // detailMaxPerRoute2);//可以有细化配置2  
        // cm.setMaxPerRoute(new HttpRoute(httpHost3),  
        // detailMaxPerRoute3);//可以有细化配置3  
        // 细化配置结束  
  
        // 请求重试处理  
        HttpRequestRetryHandler httpRequestRetryHandler = new HttpRequestRetryHandler() {  
            @Override  
            public boolean retryRequest(IOException exception, int executionCount, HttpContext context) {  
                if (executionCount >= 2) {// 如果已经重试了2次,就放弃  
                    return false;  
                }  
                if (exception instanceof NoHttpResponseException) {// 如果服务器丢掉了连接,那么就重试  
                    return true;  
                }  
                if (exception instanceof SSLHandshakeException) {// 不要重试SSL握手异常  
                    return false;  
                }  
                if (exception instanceof InterruptedIOException) {// 超时  
                    return false;  
                }  
                if (exception instanceof UnknownHostException) {// 目标服务器不可达  
                    return false;  
                }  
                if (exception instanceof ConnectTimeoutException) {// 连接被拒绝  
                    return false;  
                }  
                if (exception instanceof SSLException) {// SSL握手异常  
                    return false;  
                }  
  
                HttpClientContext clientContext = HttpClientContext.adapt(context);  
                HttpRequest request = clientContext.getRequest();  
                // 如果请求是幂等的,就再次尝试  
                if (!(request instanceof HttpEntityEnclosingRequest)) {  
                    return true;  
                }  
                return false;  
            }  
        };  
  
        // 配置请求的超时设置  
        RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setConnectionRequestTimeout(connectionRequestTimeout).setConnectTimeout(connectTimeout).setSocketTimeout(socketTimeout).build();  
        newHttpclient = HttpClients.custom().setConnectionManager(cm).setDefaultRequestConfig(requestConfig).setRetryHandler(httpRequestRetryHandler).build();  
        return newHttpclient;  
    }  
} 

文章来源:https://blog.csdn.net/zhuwukai/article/details/78644484

  • 1
    点赞
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值