Berkeley DB
——
Cursor
Introduction
Berkeley DB
的游标(
Dbc
)和关系数据库的游标是类似的——一种可以迭代数据库中的记录的装置。对于重复记录,使用游标来访问他们会更加方便(使用
Db
的
bulk get
来得到多条记录是性能最高的做法)。另外,通过游标可以一条条地操作(修改和删除)记录。
在使用游标之前,必须先使用
Db::cursor
方法打开游标:
int Db::cursor(DbTxn *txnid, Dbc **cursorp, u_int32_t flags);
游标打开后可以通过游标
search
和
write
记录。使用完毕后,必须关闭之:
int Dbc::close(void);
例子:
#include <db_cxx.h>
...
Dbc *cursorp;
Db my_database(NULL, 0);
// Database open omitted for clarity
// Get a cursor
my_database.cursor(NULL, &cursorp, 0);
// Database and cursor open omitted for clarity
// Do something…
if (cursorp != NULL)
cursorp->close();
|
Getting Records from DB Using Cursor
打开数据库,并打开此数据库的游标后,就可以使用该游标来
search DB
来遍历符合条件的记录了。
Dbc::get
方法的
flag
参数可以取多个值,常用的有:
Flag
|
Description
|
DB_CURRENT
|
返回游标当前所指的
key/data
|
DB_FIRST
|
游标指向第一条记录,并返回该
key/data
|
DB_GET_BOTH
|
只有
key/data
都匹配才返回该
key/data
|
DB_GET_RECNO
|
返回行号。数据库必须是
B
树的,且其
flag
为
DB_RECNUM
。
|
DB_LAST
|
和
DB_FIRST
对应
|
DB_NEXT
|
游标指向下条记录,并返回下个
key/data
|
DB_PREV
|
和
DB_NEXT
对应
|
DB_MULTIPLE
|
返回该
key
的所有记录。数据库是允许重复记录的。
|
例子:
#include <db_cxx.h>
...
Db my_database(NULL, 0);
Dbc *cursorp;
try {
// Database open omitted for clarity
// Get a cursor
my_database.cursor(NULL, &cursorp, 0);
Dbt key, data;
int ret;
// Iterate over the database, retrieving each record in turn.
while ((ret = cursorp->get(&key, &data, DB_NEXT)) == 0) {
// Do interesting things with the Dbts here.
}
if (ret != DB_NOTFOUND) {
// ret should be DB_NOTFOUND upon exiting the loop.
// Dbc::get() will by default throw an exception if any
// significant errors occur, so by default this if block
// can never be reached.
}
} catch(DbException &e) {
my_database.err(e.get_errno(), "Error!");
} catch(std::exception &e) {
my_database.errx("Error! %s", e.what());
}
// Cursors must be closed
if (cursorp != NULL)
cursorp->close();
my_database.close(0);
|
Operating Records Using Cursor
Dbc
对象提供了
put
、
del
和
get
方法,通过这些方法我们可以写入、删除和获取记录。
例子:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <db_cxx.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
Db db(NULL,0);
u_int32_t oFlags = DB_CREATE; // Open flags;
try
{
db.open(NULL, // Transaction pointer
"my_db.db", // Database file name
NULL, // Optional logical database name
DB_BTREE, // Database access method
oFlags, // Open flags
0); // File mode (using defaults)
db.truncate(NULL,0,0);
float money = 122.45;
char *description = "Grocery bill.";
Dbt key(&money, sizeof(float));
Dbt data(description, strlen(description)+1);
int ret = db.put(NULL, &key, &data, DB_NOOVERWRITE);
cout<<"put data--"<<description<<endl;
ret = db.get(NULL, &key, &data, DB_GET_BOTH);
cout<<"get key--"<<*((float*)key.get_data())<<endl;
cout<<"get data--"<<(char *)data.get_data()<<endl;
money = 111;
description = "James--------------------";
data.set_data(description);
data.set_size(strlen(description)+1);
db.put(NULL,&key,&data,DB_NOOVERWRITE);
ret = db.get(NULL, &key, &data, DB_GET_BOTH);
cout<<"get key--"<<*((float*)key.get_data())<<endl;
cout<<"get data--"<<(char *)data.get_data()<<endl;
money = 191;
description = "Mike";
data.set_data(description);
data.set_size(strlen(description)+1);
db.put(NULL,&key,&data,DB_NOOVERWRITE);
ret = db.get(NULL, &key, &data, DB_GET_BOTH);
cout<<"get key--"<<*((float*)key.get_data())<<endl;
cout<<"get data--"<<(char *)data.get_data()<<endl;
Dbc* cursor;
db.cursor(NULL,&cursor,0);
cout<<"open cursor"<<endl;
while((ret = cursor->get(&key,&data,DB_PREV)) != DB_NOTFOUND)
{
cout<<"get key--"<<*((float*)key.get_data())<<endl;
cout<<"get data--"<<(char *)data.get_data()<<endl;
}
if (cursor != NULL)
{
cursor->close();
}
money = 191;
description = "Mike";
data.set_data(description);
data.set_size(strlen(description)+1);
db.cursor(NULL,&cursor,0);
cout<<"delete 191..."<<endl;
while((ret = cursor->get(&key,&data,DB_SET)) == 0 )
{
cursor->del(0);
}
if (cursor != NULL)
{
cursor->close();
}
cout<<"after delete 191..."<<endl;
db.cursor(NULL,&cursor,0);
while((ret = cursor->get(&key,&data,DB_PREV)) != DB_NOTFOUND)
{
cout<<"get key--"<<*((float*)key.get_data())<<endl;
cout<<"get data--"<<(char *)data.get_data()<<endl;
}
if (cursor != NULL)
{
cursor->close();
}
}
catch(DbException &e)
{
cerr<<"DBException:"<<e.what();
}
catch(std::exception &e)
{
cerr<<"DBException:"<<e.what();
}
system("pause");
return 0;
}
|
Joining Cursors
Berkeley DB
支持两个数据库之间的“对等”连接,即当数据库
A
的
cursor
和数据库
B
的
cursor
进行
join
时,返回数据库
A
中
key
和数据库
B
的
data
相等的记录。也就是说,实际的数据是存在
A
中的
data
里面,而通过数据库
B
的
key
来获得
A
的
data
。比如:
数据库
A
:
A-Key
|
A-Data
|
apple
|
Convenience Store
|
blueberry
|
Farmer's Market
|
peach
|
Shopway
|
pear
|
Farmer's Market
|
raspberry
|
Shopway
|
strawberry
|
Farmer's Market
|
数据库
B
:
B-Key
|
B-Data:
|
Blue
|
blueberry
|
red
|
apple
|
red
|
raspberry
|
red
|
strawberry
|
yellow
|
peach
|
yellow
|
pear
|
则根据
B
的一条记录(
key
为
Blue
),
join
后应该返回的是数据库
A
的
key
为
blueberry
的记录,即
data
为
Farmer's Market
。
例子:
#include <db_cxx.h>
#include <string.h>
...
// Exception handling omitted
int ret;
Db automotiveDB(NULL, 0);
Db automotiveColorDB(NULL, 0);
Db automotiveMakeDB(NULL, 0);
Db automotiveTypeDB(NULL, 0);
// Database and secondary database opens omitted for brevity.
// Assume a primary database:
// automotiveDB
// Assume 3 secondary databases:
// automotiveColorDB -- secondary database based on automobile color
// automotiveMakeDB -- secondary database based on the manufacturer
// automotiveTypeDB -- secondary database based on automobile type
// Position the cursors
Dbc *color_curs;
automotiveColorDB.cursor(NULL, &color_curs, 0);
char *the_color = "red";
Dbt key(the_color, strlen(the_color) + 1);
Dbt data;
if ((ret = color_curs->get(&key, &data, DB_SET)) != 0) {
// Error handling goes here
}
Dbc *make_curs;
automotiveMakeDB.cursor(NULL, &make_curs, 0);
char *the_make = "Toyota";
key.set_data(the_make);
key.set_size(strlen(the_make) + 1);
if ((ret = make_curs->get(&key, &data, DB_SET)) != 0) {
// Error handling goes here
}
Dbc *type_curs;
automotiveTypeDB.cursor(NULL, &type_curs, 0);
char *the_type = "minivan";
key.set_data(the_type);
key.set_size(strlen(the_type) + 1);
if ((ret = type_curs->get(&key, &data, DB_SET)) != 0) {
// Error handling goes here
}
// Set up the cursor array
Dbc *carray[4];
carray[0] = color_curs;
carray[1] = make_curs;
carray[2] = type_curs;
carray[3] = NULL;
// Create the join
Dbc *join_curs;
if ((ret = automotiveDB.join(carray, &join_curs, 0)) != 0) {
// Error handling goes here
}
// Iterate using the join cursor
while ((ret = join_curs->get(&key, &data, 0)) == 0) {
// Do interesting things with the key and data
}
// If we exited the loop because we ran out of records,
// then it has completed successfully.
if (ret == DB_NOTFOUND) {
// Close all our cursors and databases as is appropriate, and
// then exit with a normal exit status (0).
}
|
从上面的例子我们可以看到,需要构建一个游标的
array
,并且最后一个元素是
NULL
。
Berkeley DB
用这个
NULL
来标志
array
的结尾,从而知道
array
中有几个
cursor
。
Join
游标的步骤为:
1.
在第二个数据库上打开两个或者多个游标。
2.
将这些游标移动到满足你指定的条件的记录上。
3.
创建一个游标数组,大小为游标数量
+1
,最后一个元素放入
NULL
。
4.
声明一个新的
cursor
,以接收
join
的结果。
5.
迭代记录。
6.
关闭这些游标。