Python 函数 类 语法糖

<div class="entry">


        
<div class="copyright-area">原文出处： <a target="_blank" href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000006261012">zzir</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><h2>Python 语法糖</h2>
<h3>\，换行连接</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">s = ''
s += 'a' + 
     'b' + 
     'c'
n = 1 + 2 + 
3
# 6</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-7">7</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-1"><span class="crayon-v">s</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">''</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-2"><span class="crayon-v">s</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'a'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class="crayon-s">'b'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class="crayon-s">'c'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-5"><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-6"><span class="crayon-cn">3</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-7"><span class="crayon-c"># 6</span></div></div></td>
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<p></p>
<h3>while，for 循环外的 else</h3>
<p>如果 while 循环正常结束（没有break退出）就会执行else。</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">num = [1,2,3,4]
mark = 0
while mark &lt; len(num):
    n = num[mark]
    if n % 2 == 0:
        print(n)
        # break
    mark += 1
else: print("done")</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-9">9</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-1"><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-2"><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-3"><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&lt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># break</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-9"><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"done"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
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<p></p>
<h3>zip() 并行迭代</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


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<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = [1,2,3]
b = ['one','two','three']
list(zip(a,b))
# [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three')]</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-2"><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'one'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'two'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'three'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-3"><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">zip</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-4"><span class="crayon-c"># [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three')]</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<p></p>
<h3>列表推导式</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">x = [num for num in range(6)]
# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [num for num in range(6) if num % 2 == 0]
# [0, 2, 4]


# 多层嵌套
rows = range(1,4)
cols = range(1,3)
for i in rows:
    for j in cols:
        print(i,j)
# 同
rows = range(1,4)
cols = range(1,3)
x = [(i,j) for i in rows for j in cols]</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-15">15</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-1"><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">6</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-2"><span class="crayon-c"># [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-3"><span class="crayon-v">y</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">6</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-4"><span class="crayon-c"># [0, 2, 4]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-5">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-6"><span class="crayon-c"># 多层嵌套</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-7"><span class="crayon-v">rows</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-8"><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-9"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">rows</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-10"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">j</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-11"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">j</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-12"><span class="crayon-c"># 同</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-13"><span class="crayon-v">rows</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-14"><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-15"><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">j</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">rows </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">j</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0039 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>字典推导式</h3>
<p>{ key_exp : value_exp fro expression in iterable }</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">#查询每个字母出现的次数。
strs = 'Hello World'
s = { k : strs.count(k) for k in set(strs) }</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-1"><span class="crayon-c">#查询每个字母出现的次数。</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-2"><span class="crayon-v">strs</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Hello World'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-3"><span class="crayon-v">s</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">{</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">k</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">strs</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">count</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">k</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">k</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">set</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">strs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">}</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0011 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>集合推导式</h3>
<p>{expression for expression in iterable }</p>
<h3>元组没有推导式</h3>
<p>本以为元组推导式是列表推导式改成括号，后来发现那个 生成器推导式。</p>
<h3>生成器推导式</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">&gt;&gt;&gt; num = ( x for x in range(5) )
&gt;&gt;&gt; num
...:&lt;generator object &lt;genexpr&gt; at 0x7f50926758e0&gt;</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-1"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-2"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">num</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-3"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-o">&lt;</span><span class="crayon-e">generator </span><span class="crayon-k ">object</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&lt;</span><span class="crayon-v">genexpr</span><span class="crayon-o">&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">at</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0x7f50926758e0</span><span class="crayon-o">&gt;</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0012 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h2>函数</h2>
<h3>函数关键字参数，默认参数值</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def do(a=0,b,c)
    return (a,b,c)


do(a=1,b=3,c=2)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-4"><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0012 seconds] -->
<p>函数默认参数值在函数定义时已经计算出来，而不是在程序运行时。<br>
列表字典等可变数据类型不可以作为默认参数值。</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def buygy(arg, result=[]):
    result.append(arg)
    print(result)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">buygy</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0008 seconds] -->
<p>changed：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def nobuygy(arg, result=None):
    if result == None:
        result = []
    result.append(arg)
    print(result)
# or
def nobuygy2(arg):
    result = []
    result.append(arg)
    print(result)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-10">10</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">nobuygy</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-t">None</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-6"><span class="crayon-c"># or</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-7"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">nobuygy2</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-9"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-10"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0019 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>*args 收集位置参数</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def do(*args):
    print(args)
do(1,2,3)
(1,2,3,'d')</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-3"><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-4"><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'d'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0010 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>**kwargs 收集关键字参数</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def do(**kwargs):
  print(kwargs)
do(a=1,b=2,c='la')
# {'c': 'la', 'a': 1, 'b': 2}</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-3"><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-s">'la'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-4"><span class="crayon-c"># {'c': 'la', 'a': 1, 'b': 2}</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0010 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>lamba 匿名函数</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = lambda x: x*x
a(4)
# 16</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">lambda</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-i">x</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-2"><span class="crayon-e">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-3"><span class="crayon-c"># 16</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<p></p>
<h3>生成器</h3>
<p>生成器是用来创建Python序列的一个对象。可以用它迭代序列而不需要在内存中创建和存储整个序列。<br>
通常，生成器是为迭代器产生数据的。</p>
<p>生成器函数函数和普通函数类似，返回值使用 yield 而不是 return 。</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def my_range(first=0,last=10,step=1):
    number = first
    while number &lt; last:
        yield number
        number += step


&gt;&gt;&gt; my_range()
... &lt;generator object my_range at 0x7f02ea0a2bf8&gt;</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-8">8</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">my_range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">first</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">step</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">first</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-3"><span class="crayon-e">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&lt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">yield</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">number</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-5"><span class="crayon-e">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">step</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-6">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-7"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">my_range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-8"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&lt;</span><span class="crayon-e">generator </span><span class="crayon-k ">object</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">my_range </span><span class="crayon-i">at</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0x7f02ea0a2bf8</span><span class="crayon-o">&gt;</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
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<p></p>
<h3>装饰器</h3>
<p>有时需要在不改变源代码的情况下修改已经存在的函数。<br>
装饰器实质上是一个函数，它把函数作为参数输入到另一个函数。<br>
举个栗子：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;"># 一个装饰器
def document_it(func):
    def new_function(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Runing function: ", func.__name__)
        print("Positional arguments: ", args)
        print("Keyword arguments: ", kwargs)
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("Result: " ,result)
        return result
    return new_function


# 人工赋值
def add_ints(a, b):
    return a + b


cooler_add_ints = document_it(add_ints) #人工对装饰器赋值
cooler_add_ints(3,5)


# 函数器前加装饰器名字
@document_it
def add_ints(a, b):
    return a + b</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-15">15</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-16">16</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-17">17</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-18">18</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-19">19</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-20">20</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-21">21</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-22">22</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-1"><span class="crayon-c"># 一个装饰器</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">document_it</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">func</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">new_function</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Runing function: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">func</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name__</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Positional arguments: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Keyword arguments: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">func</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Result: "</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-9"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">result</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-10"><span class="crayon-e">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">new_function</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-11">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-12"><span class="crayon-c"># 人工赋值</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-13"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-14"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">b</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-15">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-16"><span class="crayon-v">cooler_add_ints</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">document_it</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c">#人工对装饰器赋值</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-17"><span class="crayon-e">cooler_add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-18">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-19"><span class="crayon-c"># 函数器前加装饰器名字</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-20"><span class="crayon-sy">@</span><span class="crayon-e">document_it</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-21"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-22"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0037 seconds] -->
<p>可以使用多个装饰器，多个装饰由内向外向外顺序执行。</p>
<h3>命名空间和作用域</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = 1234
def test():
    print("a = ",a) # True
####
a = 1234
def test():
    a = a -1    #False
    print("a = ",a)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-8">8</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1234</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">test</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"a = "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c"># True</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-4"><span class="crayon-c">####</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-5"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1234</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-6"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">test</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c">#False</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"a = "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0014 seconds] -->
<p>可以使用全局变量 <code>global a</code> 。</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = 1234
def test():
    global a
    a = a -1    #True
    print("a = ",a)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-5">5</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1234</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">test</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-m">global</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">a</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c">#True</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"a = "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0017 seconds] -->
<p>Python 提供了两个获取命名空间内容的函数<br>
<code>local()</code><br>
<code>global()</code></p>
<h3>_ 和 __</h3>
<p>Python 保留用法。<br>
举个栗子：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def amazing():
    '''This is the amazing.
    Hello
    world'''
    print("The function named: ", amazing.__name__)
    print("The function docstring is: n", amazing.__doc__)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-6">6</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">amazing</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-s">'''This is the amazing.</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-3"><span class="crayon-s">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hello</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-4"><span class="crayon-s">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world'''</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"The function named: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">amazing</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name__</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"The function docstring is: n"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">amazing</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__doc__</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0010 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h2>异常处理，try…except</h2>
<p>只有错误发生时才执行的代码。<br>
举个栗子：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">&gt;&gt;&gt; l = [1,2,3]
&gt;&gt;&gt; index = 5
&gt;&gt;&gt; l[index]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
IndexError: list index out of range</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-6">6</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-1"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-2"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-3"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-4"><span class="crayon-k ">Traceback</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">most </span><span class="crayon-e">recent </span><span class="crayon-e">call </span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">File</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">""</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">line</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-6"><span class="crayon-k ">IndexError</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">index </span><span class="crayon-e">out </span><span class="crayon-e">of </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0020 seconds] -->
<p>再试下：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">&gt;&gt;&gt; l = [1,2,3]
&gt;&gt;&gt; index = 5
&gt;&gt;&gt; try:
...     l[index]
... except:
...     print("Error: need a position between 0 and", len(l)-1, ", But got", index)
...
Error: need a position between 0 and 2 , But got 5</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-8">8</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-1"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-2"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-3"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">try</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-4"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-5"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">except</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-6"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Error: need a position between 0 and"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">", But got"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-7"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-8"><span class="crayon-v">Error</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">need</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">position </span><span class="crayon-i">between</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">and</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">But </span><span class="crayon-i">got</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0024 seconds] -->
<p>没有自定异常类型使用任何错误。</p>
<h3>获取异常对象，except exceptiontype as name</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">short_list = [1,2,3]
while 1:
    value = input("Position [q to quit]? ")
    if value == 'q':
        break
    try:
        position = int(value)
        print(short_list[position])
    except IndexError as err:
        print("Bad index: ", position)
    except Exception as other:
        print("Something else broke: ", other)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-12">12</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-1"><span class="crayon-v">short_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-2"><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">value</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">input</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Position [q to quit]? "</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">value</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'q'</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">break</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">try</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">position</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">int</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">value</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">short_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">position</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-9"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">except</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">IndexError</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">as</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">err</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-10"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Bad index: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">position</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-11"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">except</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">Exception</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">as</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-12"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Something else broke: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0024 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>自定义异常</h3>
<p>异常是一个类。类 <code>Exception</code> 的子类。</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class UppercaseException(Exception):
    pass


words = ['a','b','c','AA']
for i in words:
    if i.isupper():
        raise UppercaseException(i)
# error
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 3, in 
__main__.UppercaseException: AA</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-11">11</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">UppercaseException</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">Exception</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">pass</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-4"><span class="crayon-v">words</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'a'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'b'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'c'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'AA'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-5"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">words</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">isupper</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">raise</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">UppercaseException</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-8"><span class="crayon-c"># error</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-9"><span class="crayon-k ">Traceback</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">most </span><span class="crayon-e">recent </span><span class="crayon-e">call </span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-10"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">File</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">""</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">line</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-11"><span class="crayon-k ">__main__</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">UppercaseException</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">AA</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0021 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h2>命令行参数</h2>
<h3>命令行参数</h3>
<p>python文件：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">import sys
print(sys.argv)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-2">2</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-1"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">sys</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-2"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">sys</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">argv</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0005 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h2>PPrint()友好输出</h2>
<p>与print()用法相同，输出结果像是列表字典时会不同。</p>
<h2>类</h2>
<h3>子类super()调用父类方法</h3>
<p>举个栗子：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class Person():
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name


class email(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, email):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.email = email


a = email('me', 'me@me.me')
&gt;&gt;&gt; a.name
... 'me'
&gt;&gt;&gt; a.email
... 'me@me.me'</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-14">14</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-4">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-5"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">super</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-9">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-10"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'me'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'me@me.me'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-11"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-i">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-12"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'me'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-13"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-14"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'me@me.me'</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0025 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>self.__name 保护私有特性</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class Person():
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.__name = name
a = Person('me')
&gt;&gt;&gt; a.name
... AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute '__name'


# 小技巧
a._Person__name</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-9">9</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-4"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'me'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-5"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-i">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-6"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">AttributeError</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Person'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">object</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">has </span><span class="crayon-e">no </span><span class="crayon-i">attribute</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'__name'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-7">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-8"><span class="crayon-c"># 小技巧</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-9"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">_Person__name</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0017 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>实例方法( instance method )</h3>
<p>实例方法，以self作为第一个参数，当它被调用时，Python会把调用该方法的的对象作为self参数传入。</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class A():
    count = 2
    def __init__(self): # 这就是一个实例方法
        A.count += 1</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c"># 这就是一个实例方法</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0010 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>类方法 <span style="color: #008000">@classmethod</span></h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class A():
    count = 2
    def __init__(self):
        A.count += 1
    @classmethod
    def hello(h):
        print("hello",h.count)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-7">7</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-sy">@</span><span class="crayon-k ">classmethod</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">hello</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">h</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"hello"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">h</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0016 seconds] -->
<p>注意，使用<code>h.count</code>(类特征)，而不是<code>self.count</code>(对象特征)。</p>
<h3>静态方法 <span style="color: #008000">@staticmethod</span></h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


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<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class A():
    @staticmethod
    def hello():
        print("hello, staticmethod")
&gt;&gt;&gt; A.hello()</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-5">5</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-sy">@</span><span class="crayon-k ">staticmethod</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">hello</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"hello, staticmethod"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-5"><span class="crayon-o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">hello</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0009 seconds] -->
<p>创建即用，优雅不失风格。</p>
<h3>特殊方法(sqecial method)</h3>
<p>一个普通方法：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class word():
    def __init__(self, text):
        self.text = text
    def equals(self, word2): #注意
        return self.text.lower() == word2.text.lower()
a1 = word('aa')
a2 = word('AA')
a3 = word('33')
a1.equals(a2)
# True</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-10">10</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">text</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-4"><span class="crayon-e">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">equals</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c">#注意</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-6"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'aa'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-7"><span class="crayon-v">a2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'AA'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-8"><span class="crayon-v">a3</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'33'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-9"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">equals</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-10"><span class="crayon-c"># True</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0028 seconds] -->
<p>使用特殊方法：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class word():
    def __init__(self, text):
        self.text = text
    def __eq__(self, word2): #注意，使用__eq__
        return self.text.lower() == word2.text.lower()
a1 = word('aa')
a2 = word('AA')
a3 = word('33')
a1 == a2
# True</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-10">10</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">text</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-4"><span class="crayon-e">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__eq__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c">#注意，使用__eq__</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-6"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'aa'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-7"><span class="crayon-v">a2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'AA'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-8"><span class="crayon-v">a3</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'33'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-9"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a2</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-10"><span class="crayon-c"># True</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0025 seconds] -->
<p>其他还有：</p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">*方法名*                        *使用*
__eq__(self, other)            self == other
__ne__(self, other)            self != other
__lt__(self, other)            self  other
__le__(self, other)            self = other


__add__(self, other)        self + other
__sub__(self, other)        self - other
__mul__(self, other)        self * other
__floordiv__(self, other)    self // other
__truediv__(self, other)        self / other
__mod__(self, other)        self % other
__pow__(self, other)        self ** other


__str__(self)                str(self)
__repr__(self)                repr(self)
__len__(self)                len(self)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-15">15</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-16">16</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-17">17</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-1"><span class="crayon-o">*</span>方法名<span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span>使用<span class="crayon-o">*</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-2"><span class="crayon-e">__eq__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-3"><span class="crayon-e">__ne__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">!=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-4"><span class="crayon-e">__lt__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-5"><span class="crayon-e">__le__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-6">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-7"><span class="crayon-e">__add__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-8"><span class="crayon-e">__sub__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-9"><span class="crayon-e">__mul__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-10"><span class="crayon-e">__floordiv__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-11"><span class="crayon-e">__truediv__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-12"><span class="crayon-e">__mod__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-13"><span class="crayon-e">__pow__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-14">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-15"><span class="crayon-e">__str__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">str</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-16"><span class="crayon-e">__repr__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">repr</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-17"><span class="crayon-e">__len__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0048 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h2>文本字符串</h2>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">'%-10d | %-10f | %10s | %10x' % ( 1, 1.2, 'ccc', 0xf )
#
'1          | 1.200000   |        ccc |         33'</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-1"><span class="crayon-s">'%-10d | %-10f | %10s | %10x'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1.2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'ccc'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0xf</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-2"><span class="crayon-c">#</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-3"><span class="crayon-s">'1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| 1.200000&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ccc |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 33'</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0008 seconds] -->
<p></p>
<h3>{} 和 .format</h3>
<p></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.7.1.1 -->


<div id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切换是否显示行编号"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="纯文本显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切换自动换行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="点击展开代码" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="复制代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中显示代码"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">'{} {} {}'.format(11,22,33)
# 11 22 33
'{2:2d} {0:-10d} {1:10d}'.format(11,22,33)
# :后面是格式标识符
# 33 11 22


'{a} {b} {c}'.format(a=11,b=22,c=33)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-7">7</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-1"><span class="crayon-s">'{} {} {}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">11</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">22</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">33</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-2"><span class="crayon-c"># 11 22 33</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-3"><span class="crayon-s">'{2:2d} {0:-10d} {1:10d}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">11</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">22</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">33</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-4"><span class="crayon-c"># :后面是格式标识符</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-5"><span class="crayon-c"># 33 11 22</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-6">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-7"><span class="crayon-s">'{a} {b} {c}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">11</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">22</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">33</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0014 seconds] -->
<p></p>


        
        
        
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