《Spring Boot in Action》【2. 开发第一个应用】

2 开发第一个应用

2.1 项目骨架

从本章开始,我们要开发一个简单的reading-list应用,用来维护一个reading-list,包括录入书的信息,查看阅读列表,删除书等操作。

技术上,Spring MVC处理Web请求,Thymeleaf作为模板引擎编写页面,Spring Data JPA操作数据库,使用内置H2数据库,用Gradle管理项目。

使用Spring Initializer生成

这里写图片描述

生成的项目结构

这里写图片描述

项目结构符合Gradle或者Maven的一般规范:

  • 主代码位于/src/main/java
  • 主资源位于/src/main/resources
  • 测试代码位于/src/test/java
  • 测试资源位于/src/test/resources

ReadingListApplication类有两个作用:主配置类和启动类。尽管Spring Boot自动配置特性能减少许多配置,但是至少需要有一个配置类来激活自动配置,@SpringBootApplication注解组合了其他三个有用的注解:

  • Spring的@Configuration注解,指派该类成为配置类
  • Spring的@ComponentScan注解,激活组件扫描功能,因此Web控制器类(@Controller)以及其他组件(如@Component,@Service等)可以自动注册为Spring application context中的beans
  • Spring Boot的@EnableAutoConfiguration注解,激活自动配置

如何运行呢?有三种方法:

1. 直接运行

如果你在IDEA里,直接右键ReadingListApplication.java,点击Run就可以运行了(多亏了main函数)

2. Gradle或Maven

使用Spring Boot Gradle Plugin提供的bootRun task:

gradle bootRun

或者Maven goal:

mvn spring-boot:run

3. 打包运行

gradle build
java -jar build/libs/readinglist-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

正常情况下应用启动,访问localhost:8080,不过目前还没有Controller,所以会是HTTP 404 Not Found

注:如果有其他的配置,建议放到其他的@Configuration配置类中,独立于ReadingListApplication类

测试

ReadingListApplicationTests类是测试类:

package readinglist;

import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; import org.springframework.test.context.web.WebAppConfiguration;

import readinglist.ReadingListApplication;

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = ReadingListApplication.class)
@WebAppConfiguration
public class ReadingListApplicationTests {
  @Test
  public void contextLoads() {
  }
}

在一般的Spring测试类中,你都会用注解@ContextConfiguration来加载Spring应用上下文,不过在Spring Boot测试类中,你用注解@SpringApplicationConfiguration来代替。此类目前只有contextLoads()一个测试方法,用来验证ReadingListApplication这个配置类是否没有问题。

配置应用属性

你可以在application.properties文件中加入一行:

server.port=8000

这样内置Tomcat服务器就会监听8000端口了(默认是8080)。这个文件自动会被载入,不用我们管。

如何构建

Spring Boot为Gradle何Maven提供了构建插件,以Gradle为例:

buildscript {
  ext {
    springBootVersion = '1.3.5.RELEASE'
  }
  repositories {
    mavenCentral()
  }
  dependencies {
    classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:${springBootVersion}")
  }
}

apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'idea'
apply plugin: 'spring-boot'

jar {
  baseName = 'readinglist'
  version = '0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'
}
sourceCompatibility = 1.8
targetCompatibility = 1.8

repositories {
  mavenCentral()
}

dependencies {
  compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa')
  compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf')
  compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web')
  runtime('com.h2database:h2')
  testCompile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test') 
}

task wrapper(type: Wrapper) {
  gradleVersion = '1.12'
}

构建插件的主要作用是能把所有依赖包打进一个user-JAR包,并且加入了manifest,使之能够用java -jar运行。

上面的依赖都没有指定版本,因为starter的版本和Spring Boot的版本是一样的,你可以使用gradle dependencies(或mvn dependency:tree)来查看项目的依赖版本。

如果你想排除starter中的某个传递性依赖,比如Jackson JSON library(from web starter),你可以exclude它:

compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web") {
  exclude group: 'com.fasterxml.jackson.core'
}

类似的,如果你想用另一个版本的Jackson,也是可以的,但是Gradle和Maven的传递性依赖解析机制是不一样,在Maven中,总是选择最近的依赖(直接依赖优先级高于传递性依赖),所以直接引入一个Jackson依赖就可以了,它会覆盖传递性依赖,在Gradle中则不同,Gradle会选择更高版本的依赖,所以如果你选择的Jackson版本高于starter中的版本,那没什么问题,如果低于starter中的版本,那就必须先像上面一样exclude掉了。

2.2 写代码

定义领域对象

package readinglist;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Book {

  @Id
  @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.AUTO)
  private Long id;
  private String reader;
  private String isbn;
  private String title;
  private String author;
  private String description;

  // getters and setters
}

@Entity定义了这是一个JPA实体类,@Id指定了这个实体的identity,@GeneratedValue说明这个字段会自动生成。

定义Repository接口

package readinglist;

import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

public interface ReadingListRepository extends JpaRepository<Book, Long> {
  List<Book> findByReader(String reader);
}

只需要定义一个继承Spring Data JPA的JpaRepository的接口,ReadingListRepository继承了18个通用的持久化操作,JpaRepository的两个参数Book和Long,分别指明了domain类型和这个domain的id类型,我们添加了一个findByReader方法,提供一个reader的名字,就能找出相关的Book列表,不用担心,当应用启动的时候,Spring Data会自动实现这个接口,你什么也不用做。

定义Spring MVC Controller

package readinglist;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

import java.util.List;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/")
public class ReadingListController {

  @Autowired
  private ReadingListRepository readingListRepository;

  @RequestMapping(value = "/{reader}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
  public String readersBooks(@PathVariable("reader") String reader, Model model) {
    List<Book> readingList = readingListRepository.findByReader(reader);
    if (readingList != null) {
      model.addAttribute("books", readingList);
    }
    return "readingList";
  }

  @RequestMapping(value = "/{reader}", method = RequestMethod.POST)
  public String addToReadingList(@PathVariable("reader") String reader, Book book) {
    book.setReader(reader);
    readingListRepository.save(book);
    return "redirect:/{reader}";
  }
}

编写页面

readersBooks()方法返回一个逻辑视图名“readingList”,所以我们在src/main/resources/templates目录下建一个readingList.html,内容如下:

<html>
  <head>
    <title>Reading List</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/style.css}"></link>
  </head>

  <body>
    <h2>Your Reading List</h2>
    <div th:unless="${#lists.isEmpty(books)}">
      <dl th:each="book : ${books}">
        <dt class="bookHeadline">
          <span th:text="${book.title}">Title</span> by
          <span th:text="${book.author}">Author</span>
          (ISBN: <span th:text="${book.isbn}">ISBN</span>)
        </dt>
        <dd class="bookDescription">
          <span th:if="${book.description}"
                th:text="${book.description}">Description</span>
          <span th:if="${book.description eq null}">
                No description available</span>
        </dd>
      </dl>
    </div>
    <div th:if="${#lists.isEmpty(books)}">
      <p>You have no books in your book list</p>
    </div>

    <hr/>

    <h3>Add a book</h3>
    <form method="POST">
      <label for="title">Title:</label>
        <input type="text" name="title" size="50"></input><br/>
      <label for="author">Author:</label>
        <input type="text" name="author" size="50"></input><br/>
      <label for="isbn">ISBN:</label>
        <input type="text" name="isbn" size="15"></input><br/>
      <label for="description">Description:</label><br/>
        <textarea name="description" cols="80" rows="5">
        </textarea><br/>
      <input type="submit"></input>
    </form>

  </body>
</html>

添加css

在src/main/resources/static目录下建一个style.css:

body {
    background-color: #cccccc;
    font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
}

.bookHeadline {
    font-size: 12pt;
    font-weight: bold;
}

.bookDescription {
    font-size: 10pt;
}

label {
    font-weight: bold;
}

至此,一个完整的项目就写完了,几乎没有什么配置,我们写的完全都是业务代码。这是如何做到的呢?

Spring Boot会引入一个包spring-boot-autoconfigure,里面有各种Configuration类,Spring Boot利用了Spring 4.0引入的条件配置(conditional configuration)来实现自动配置,你可以自己写条件,只要实现Condition接口,覆盖它的matches()方法即可,比如:

package readinglist;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Condition;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ConditionContext;
import org.springframework.core.type.AnnotatedTypeMetadata;

public class JdbcTemplateCondition implements Condition {
  @Override
  public boolean matches(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
    try {
      context.getClassLoader().loadClass("org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate");
      return true;
    } catch (Exception e) {
      return false;
    }
  }
}

@Conditional(JdbcTemplateCondition.class)
public MyService myService() {
  // ...
}

MyService bean只有在JdbcTemplate类在classpath的情况下才会被创建。

Spring.Boot.in.Action.2015.12.pdfFor online information and ordering of this and other manning books, please visit www.manning.com.thepublisheroffersdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinquantity For more information, please contact Special sales department Manning publications co 20 Baldwin Road PO BoX 761 Shelter island. ny11964 Emailorders@manning.com @2016 by manning Publications Co. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and manning Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps ll Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Mannings policy to have the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books are printed on paper that is at least 15 percent recycled and processed without the use of elemental chlorine Manning publications co Development editor: Cynthia Kane 20 Baldwin Road Technical development editor: Robert casazza PO BoX 761 Copyeditor: Andy Carroll Shelter island. ny11964 Proofreader: Corbin Collins Technical p der John Guthrie Typesetter: Gordan Salinovic Cover designer: Marija Tudor ISBN9781617292545 Printed in the united states of america 12345678910-EBM-201918171615 contents reword vii pre eface 2x about this book xii acknowledgments xu Bootstarting Spring I 1. 1 Spring rebooted Taking a fresh look at spring 2. Examining spring Boot essentials 4 What Spring Boot isn't 7 1.2 Getting started with Spring boot 8 Installing the spring boot cli 8 Initializing a spring boot project with Spring Initializr 12 3 Summary 22 Developing your first Spring Boot application 23 2.1 Putting spring boot to work 24 Examining a newly initialized spring boot project 26 Dissecting Bc iect build 30 2.2 USing starter dependencies 33 Specifying facet-based dependencies 34. Overriding starter transitive dependencies 35 CONTENTS 2.8 USing automatic configuration 37 Focusing on application functionality 37. Running the application 45. What just happened? 45 2.4 Summary 48 Customizing configuration 49 8.1 Overriding Spring Boot auto-configuration 50 Securing the application 50. Creating a custom security configuration 51. Taking another peek under the covers of auto-configuration55 8.2 Externalizing configuration with properties 57 Fine-tuning auto-configuration 58. Externally configuring application beans 64. Configuring with profiles 69 8.8 Customizing application error pages 71 3.4 Summary 74 Testing with Spring Boot 76 4.1 Integration testing auto-configuration 77 4.2 Testing web applications 79 Mocking spring MvC 80- Testing web security 83 4.3 Testing a running application 86 Starting the server on a random port 87. Testing HTML pages with selenium 88 4.4 Summary 90 Getting Groovy with the spring Boot CLI 92 5.1 Developing a Spring Boot CLI application 93 Setting up the cli project 93 Eliminating code noise with Groovy 94. What just happened? 98 5.2 Grabbing dependencies 100 Overriding default dependency versions 101. Adding dependency repositories 102 5.8 Running tests with the CLI 102 5.4 Creating a deployable artifact 105 5.5 Summary 106 CONTENTS 6 Applying Grails in Spring Boot 107 1 Using gorm for data persistence 108 2 Defining views with groovy server pages 113 6.3 Mixing spring boot with grails 3 115 Creating a new grails project 116 Defining the domain 118 Writing a grails controller 119. Creating the view 120 6.4 Summary 123 Taking a peek inside with the Actuator 124 7.1 Exploring the actuator's endpoints 125 Viewing configuration details 126. Tapping runtime metrics 133 Shutting down the application 139. Fetching application information 140 7.2 Connecting to the Actuator remote shell 141 Viewing the autoconfig report 142. Listing application beans 143 Watching application metrics 144.Invoking actuator endpoints 145 7. 3 Monitoring your application with JMX 146 7.4 Customizing the Actuator 148 Changing endpoint Ds 148 Enabling and disabling endpoints 149 Adding custom metrics and gauges 149- Creating a custom trace repository 153 Plugging in custom health indicators 155 7.5 Securing Actuator endpoints 156 7.6 Summary 159 8 Deploying Spring Boot applications 160 8.1 Weighing deployment options 161 8.2 Deploying to an application server 162 Building a WaRfile 162 Creating a production profile Enabling database migration 168 8.3 Pushing to the cloud 173 Deploying to Cloud Foundry 173 Deploying to Heroku 177 8. Summary 180 appendix a spring Boot developer Tools 187 appendix b spring Boot starters 188 appendix c Configuration properties 195 appendix d spring boot dependencies 232 index 243 In the spring of 2014, the Delivery Engineering team at Netflix set out to achieve a lofty goal: enable end-to-end global continuous delivery via a software platform that facilitates both extensibility and resiliency. my team had previously built two different applications attempting to address Netflix's delivery and deployment needs, but both were beginning to show the telltale signs of monolith-ness and neither met the goals of flexibility and resiliency. What's more, the most stymieing effect of these monolithic applications was ultimately that we were unable to keep pace with our partner's inno- vation. Users had begun to move around our tools rather than with them It became apparent that if we wanted to provide real value to the company and rap- idly innovate, we needed to break up the monoliths into small, independent services that could be released at will. Embracing a microservice architecture gave us hope that we could also address the twin goals of flexibility and resiliency. but we needed to do it on a credible foundation where we could count on real concurrency, legitimate moni- toring, reliable and easy service discovery, and great runtime performance With the jVM as our bedrock, we looked for a framework that would give us rapid velocity and steadfast operationalization out of the box. We zeroed in on Spring Boot Spring Boot makes it effortless to create Spring-powered, production-ready ser- vices without a lot of code! Indeed, the fact that a simple Spring Boot Hello World application can fit into a tweet is a radical departure from what the same functionality required on the vm only a few short years ago. Out-of-the-box nonfunctional features like security, metrics, health-checks, embedded servers, and externalized configura tion made boot an easy choice for us FOREWORD Yet, when we embarked on our Spring boot journey solid documentation was hard to come by. Relying on source code isnt the most joyful manner of figuring out how to properly leverage a frameworks features It's not surprising to see the author of mannings venerable Spring in Action take on the challenge of concisely distilling the core aspects of working with Spring Boot into another cogent book. Nor is it surprising that Craig and the Manning crew have done another tremendously wonderful job! Spring Boot in Action is an easily readable book, as weve now come to expect from Craig and manning From chapter Is attention-getting introduction to Boot and the now legend ary 9Oish-character tweetable Boot application to an in-depth analysis of Boots Actuator in chapter 7, which enables a host of auto-magical operational features required for any production application, Spring Boot in Action leaves no stone unturned. Indeed, for me, chapter 7's deep dive into the Actuator answered some of the lingering questions I've had in the back of my head since picking up Boot well over a year ago. Chapter 8s thor- ough examination of deployment options opened my eyes to the simplicity of cloud Foundry for cloud deployments. One of my favorite chapters is chapter 4, where Craig explores the many powerful options for easily testing a Boot application. From the get- o, I was pleasantly surprised with some of Springs testing features, and boot takes g advantage of them nicely As I've publicly stated before, Spring Boot is just the kind of framework the Java community has been seeking for over a decade. Its easy-to-use development features and out-of-the-box operationalization make java development fun again I,m pleased to report that Spring and spring boot are the foundation of Netflix's new continuous delivery platform. What's more, other teams at Netflix are following the same path because they too see the myriad benefits of boot It's with equal parts excitement and passion that I absolutely endorse craigs book as the easy-to-digest and fun-to-read Spring boot documentation the Java community has been waiting for since Boot took the community by storm. Craigs accessible writ- ing style and sweeping analysis of boot's core features and functionality will surely leave readers with a solid grasp of Boot(along with a joyful sense of awe for it) Keep up the great work Craig Manning Publications, and all the brilliant develop ers who have made spring boot what it is today each one of you has ensured a bright future for the JV ANDREW GLOVER MANAGER, DELIVERY ENGINEERING AT NETFLIX preface At the 1964 New York World's Fair, Walt Disney introduced three groundbreaking attractions:"“it' s a small world,”“ Great Moments with mr. Lincoln," and the“ Carouse of Progress " All three of these attractions have since moved into disneyland and walt Disney world, and you can still see them today My favorite of these is the Carousel of Progress. Supposedly, it was one of Walt Disneys favorites too. It's part ride and part stage show where the seating area rotates around a center area featuring four stages. Each stage tells the story of a family at different time periods of the 20th century-the early 1900s, the 1920s the 1940s, and recent times-highlighting the technology advances in that time period The story of innovation is told from a hand-cranked washing machine, to electric lighting and radio, to automatic dishwashers and television, to computers and voice-activated appliances In every act, the father (who is also the narrator of the show)talks about the latest inventions and says "It cant get any better only to discover that in fact, it does get better in the next act as technology progresses Although Spring doesn't have quite as long a history as that displayed in the Car- ousel of Progress, I feel the same way about Spring as"Progress Dad felt about the 20th century. Each and every Spring application seems to make the lives of developers so much better. Just looking at how Spring components are declared and wired together, we can see the following progression over the history of Spring
Summary A developer-focused guide to writing applications using Spring Boot. You'll learn how to bypass the tedious configuration steps so that you can concentrate on your application's behavior. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology The Spring Framework simplifies enterprise Java development, but it does require lots of tedious configuration work. Spring Boot radically streamlines spinning up a Spring application. You get automatic configuration and a model with established conventions for build-time and runtime dependencies. You also get a handy command-line interface you can use to write scripts in Groovy. Developers who use Spring Boot often say that they can't imagine going back to hand configuring their applications. About the Book Spring Boot in Action is a developer-focused guide to writing applications using Spring Boot. In it, you'll learn how to bypass configuration steps so you can focus on your application's behavior. Spring expert Craig Walls uses interesting and practical examples to teach you both how to use the default settings effectively and how to override and customize Spring Boot for your unique environment. Along the way, you'll pick up insights from Craig's years of Spring development experience. What's Inside Develop Spring apps more efficiently Minimal to no configuration Runtime metrics with the Actuator Covers Spring Boot 1.3 About the Reader Written for readers familiar with the Spring Framework. About the Author Craig Walls is a software developer, author of the popular book Spring in Action, Fourth Edition, and a frequent speaker at conferences.
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