nginx平滑升级

1.平滑升级操作

1.1 备份安装目录下的nginx

cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin
mv nginx nginx.bak

1.2 复制objs目录下的nginx到当前sbin目录下

cp /opt/software/nginx/nginx-1.20.2/objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/

1.3 发送信号user2给nginx老版本对应的进程

kill -user2 'more /usr/local/logs/nginx.pid'

1.4 发送信号quit给nginx老版本的进程

kill -quit 'more /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin'

2. 源码解析

平滑升级中,在处理user2信号时,会将ngx_change_binary标识置为1,master进程在处理循环中,如果识别到ngx_change_binary为1,执行ngx_exec_new_binary,将监听套接字放到环境变量中,同时会重命令pid的文件名,便于下次终止老版本的进程,fork新进程,新进程执行新版本的逻辑。

2.1 如何处理信号

依托于ngx_signal_t数据结构

2.1.1 ngx_signal_t

typedef struct {
    int     signo;
    char   *signame;
    char   *name;
    void  (*handler)(int signo, siginfo_t *siginfo, void *ucontext);
} ngx_signal_t;

全局变量signals是ngx_signal_t的数组,记录了需要处理的信号,信号名以及对应的信号处理函数

2.1.2 singals

ngx_signal_t  signals[] = {
    { ngx_signal_value(NGX_RECONFIGURE_SIGNAL),
      "SIG" ngx_value(NGX_RECONFIGURE_SIGNAL),
      "reload",
      ngx_signal_handler },

    { ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL),
      "SIG" ngx_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL),
      "reopen",
      ngx_signal_handler },

    { ngx_signal_value(NGX_NOACCEPT_SIGNAL),
      "SIG" ngx_value(NGX_NOACCEPT_SIGNAL),
      "",
      ngx_signal_handler },

    { ngx_signal_value(NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL),
      "SIG" ngx_value(NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL),
      "stop",
      ngx_signal_handler },

    { ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL),
      "SIG" ngx_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL),
      "quit",
      ngx_signal_handler },

    { ngx_signal_value(NGX_CHANGEBIN_SIGNAL),
      "SIG" ngx_value(NGX_CHANGEBIN_SIGNAL),
      "",
      ngx_signal_handler },

    { SIGALRM, "SIGALRM", "", ngx_signal_handler },

    { SIGINT, "SIGINT", "", ngx_signal_handler },

    { SIGIO, "SIGIO", "", ngx_signal_handler },

    { SIGCHLD, "SIGCHLD", "", ngx_signal_handler },

    { SIGSYS, "SIGSYS, SIG_IGN", "", NULL },

    { SIGPIPE, "SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN", "", NULL },

    { 0, NULL, "", NULL }
};

ngx_init_signals是在nginx启动时向内核注册信号处理

2.1.3 ngx_init_signals

ngx_int_t
ngx_init_signals(ngx_log_t *log)
{
    ngx_signal_t      *sig;
    struct sigaction   sa;

    for (sig = signals; sig->signo != 0; sig++) {
        ngx_memzero(&sa, sizeof(struct sigaction));

        if (sig->handler) {
            sa.sa_sigaction = sig->handler;
            sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;

        } else {
            sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
        }

        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        if (sigaction(sig->signo, &sa, NULL) == -1) {
#if (NGX_VALGRIND)
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, log, ngx_errno,
                          "sigaction(%s) failed, ignored", sig->signame);
#else
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_EMERG, log, ngx_errno,
                          "sigaction(%s) failed", sig->signame);
            return NGX_ERROR;
#endif
        }
    }

    return NGX_OK;
}

在处理USR2信号时,会将ngx_change_binary标识设置为1

2.1.4 ngx_signal_handler

static void
ngx_signal_handler(int signo, siginfo_t *siginfo, void *ucontext)
{
    char            *action;
    ngx_int_t        ignore;
    ngx_err_t        err;
    ngx_signal_t    *sig;

    ignore = 0;

    err = ngx_errno;

    for (sig = signals; sig->signo != 0; sig++) {
        if (sig->signo == signo) {
            break;
        }
    }

    ngx_time_sigsafe_update();

    action = "";

    switch (ngx_process) {

    case NGX_PROCESS_MASTER:
    case NGX_PROCESS_SINGLE:
        switch (signo) {

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL):
            ngx_quit = 1;
            action = ", shutting down";
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL):
        case SIGINT:
            ngx_terminate = 1;
            action = ", exiting";
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_NOACCEPT_SIGNAL):
            if (ngx_daemonized) {
                ngx_noaccept = 1;
                action = ", stop accepting connections";
            }
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_RECONFIGURE_SIGNAL):
            ngx_reconfigure = 1;
            action = ", reconfiguring";
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL):
            ngx_reopen = 1;
            action = ", reopening logs";
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_CHANGEBIN_SIGNAL):
            if (ngx_getppid() == ngx_parent || ngx_new_binary > 0) {

                /*
                 * Ignore the signal in the new binary if its parent is
                 * not changed, i.e. the old binary's process is still
                 * running.  Or ignore the signal in the old binary's
                 * process if the new binary's process is already running.
                 */

                action = ", ignoring";
                ignore = 1;
                break;
            }

            ngx_change_binary = 1;
            action = ", changing binary";
            break;

        case SIGALRM:
            ngx_sigalrm = 1;
            break;

        case SIGIO:
            ngx_sigio = 1;
            break;

        case SIGCHLD:
            ngx_reap = 1;
            break;
        }

        break;

    case NGX_PROCESS_WORKER:
    case NGX_PROCESS_HELPER:
        switch (signo) {

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_NOACCEPT_SIGNAL):
            if (!ngx_daemonized) {
                break;
            }
            ngx_debug_quit = 1;
            /* fall through */
        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL):
            ngx_quit = 1;
            action = ", shutting down";
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL):
        case SIGINT:
            ngx_terminate = 1;
            action = ", exiting";
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL):
            ngx_reopen = 1;
            action = ", reopening logs";
            break;

        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_RECONFIGURE_SIGNAL):
        case ngx_signal_value(NGX_CHANGEBIN_SIGNAL):
        case SIGIO:
            action = ", ignoring";
            break;
        }

        break;
    }

    if (siginfo && siginfo->si_pid) {
        ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_NOTICE, ngx_cycle->log, 0,
                      "signal %d (%s) received from %P%s",
                      signo, sig->signame, siginfo->si_pid, action);

    } else {
        ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_NOTICE, ngx_cycle->log, 0,
                      "signal %d (%s) received%s",
                      signo, sig->signame, action);
    }

    if (ignore) {
        ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_CRIT, ngx_cycle->log, 0,
                      "the changing binary signal is ignored: "
                      "you should shutdown or terminate "
                      "before either old or new binary's process");
    }

    if (signo == SIGCHLD) {
        ngx_process_get_status();
    }

    ngx_set_errno(err);
}

2.2 master进程处理ngx_change_binary标识

master进程处理循环中会检测ngx_change_binary标识,如果置为1,会调用ngx_exec_new_binary,fork新进程,新进行执行execv来调用新的二进制文件

void
ngx_master_process_cycle(ngx_cycle_t *cycle)
{
    char              *title;
    u_char            *p;
    size_t             size;
    ngx_int_t          i;
    ngx_uint_t         sigio;
    sigset_t           set;
    struct itimerval   itv;
    ngx_uint_t         live;
    ngx_msec_t         delay;
    ngx_core_conf_t   *ccf;

    sigemptyset(&set);
    sigaddset(&set, SIGCHLD);
    sigaddset(&set, SIGALRM);
    sigaddset(&set, SIGIO);
    sigaddset(&set, SIGINT);
    sigaddset(&set, ngx_signal_value(NGX_RECONFIGURE_SIGNAL));
    sigaddset(&set, ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL));
    sigaddset(&set, ngx_signal_value(NGX_NOACCEPT_SIGNAL));
    sigaddset(&set, ngx_signal_value(NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL));
    sigaddset(&set, ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL));
    sigaddset(&set, ngx_signal_value(NGX_CHANGEBIN_SIGNAL));

    if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, NULL) == -1) {
        ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, cycle->log, ngx_errno,
                      "sigprocmask() failed");
    }

    sigemptyset(&set);


    size = sizeof(master_process);

    for (i = 0; i < ngx_argc; i++) {
        size += ngx_strlen(ngx_argv[i]) + 1;
    }

    title = ngx_pnalloc(cycle->pool, size);
    if (title == NULL) {
        /* fatal */
        exit(2);
    }

    p = ngx_cpymem(title, master_process, sizeof(master_process) - 1);
    for (i = 0; i < ngx_argc; i++) {
        *p++ = ' ';
        p = ngx_cpystrn(p, (u_char *) ngx_argv[i], size);
    }

    ngx_setproctitle(title);


    ccf = (ngx_core_conf_t *) ngx_get_conf(cycle->conf_ctx, ngx_core_module);

    ngx_start_worker_processes(cycle, ccf->worker_processes,
                               NGX_PROCESS_RESPAWN);
    ngx_start_cache_manager_processes(cycle, 0);

    ngx_new_binary = 0;
    delay = 0;
    sigio = 0;
    live = 1;

    for ( ;; ) {
        if (delay) {
            if (ngx_sigalrm) {
                sigio = 0;
                delay *= 2;
                ngx_sigalrm = 0;
            }

            ngx_log_debug1(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_EVENT, cycle->log, 0,
                           "termination cycle: %M", delay);

            itv.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
            itv.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
            itv.it_value.tv_sec = delay / 1000;
            itv.it_value.tv_usec = (delay % 1000 ) * 1000;

            if (setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL) == -1) {
                ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, cycle->log, ngx_errno,
                              "setitimer() failed");
            }
        }

        ngx_log_debug0(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_EVENT, cycle->log, 0, "sigsuspend");

        sigsuspend(&set);

        ngx_time_update();

        ngx_log_debug1(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_EVENT, cycle->log, 0,
                       "wake up, sigio %i", sigio);

        if (ngx_reap) {
            ngx_reap = 0;
            ngx_log_debug0(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_EVENT, cycle->log, 0, "reap children");

            live = ngx_reap_children(cycle);
        }

        if (!live && (ngx_terminate || ngx_quit)) {
            ngx_master_process_exit(cycle);
        }

        if (ngx_terminate) {
            if (delay == 0) {
                delay = 50;
            }

            if (sigio) {
                sigio--;
                continue;
            }

            sigio = ccf->worker_processes + 2 /* cache processes */;

            if (delay > 1000) {
                ngx_signal_worker_processes(cycle, SIGKILL);
            } else {
                ngx_signal_worker_processes(cycle,
                                       ngx_signal_value(NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL));
            }

            continue;
        }

        if (ngx_quit) {
            ngx_signal_worker_processes(cycle,
                                        ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL));
            ngx_close_listening_sockets(cycle);

            continue;
        }

        if (ngx_reconfigure) {
            ngx_reconfigure = 0;

            if (ngx_new_binary) {
                ngx_start_worker_processes(cycle, ccf->worker_processes,
                                           NGX_PROCESS_RESPAWN);
                ngx_start_cache_manager_processes(cycle, 0);
                ngx_noaccepting = 0;

                continue;
            }

            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_NOTICE, cycle->log, 0, "reconfiguring");

            cycle = ngx_init_cycle(cycle);
            if (cycle == NULL) {
                cycle = (ngx_cycle_t *) ngx_cycle;
                continue;
            }

            ngx_cycle = cycle;
            ccf = (ngx_core_conf_t *) ngx_get_conf(cycle->conf_ctx,
                                                   ngx_core_module);
            ngx_start_worker_processes(cycle, ccf->worker_processes,
                                       NGX_PROCESS_JUST_RESPAWN);
            ngx_start_cache_manager_processes(cycle, 1);

            /* allow new processes to start */
            ngx_msleep(100);

            live = 1;
            ngx_signal_worker_processes(cycle,
                                        ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL));
        }

        if (ngx_restart) {
            ngx_restart = 0;
            ngx_start_worker_processes(cycle, ccf->worker_processes,
                                       NGX_PROCESS_RESPAWN);
            ngx_start_cache_manager_processes(cycle, 0);
            live = 1;
        }

        if (ngx_reopen) {
            ngx_reopen = 0;
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_NOTICE, cycle->log, 0, "reopening logs");
            ngx_reopen_files(cycle, ccf->user);
            ngx_signal_worker_processes(cycle,
                                        ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL));
        }

        if (ngx_change_binary) {
            ngx_change_binary = 0;
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_NOTICE, cycle->log, 0, "changing binary");
            ngx_new_binary = ngx_exec_new_binary(cycle, ngx_argv);
        }

        if (ngx_noaccept) {
            ngx_noaccept = 0;
            ngx_noaccepting = 1;
            ngx_signal_worker_processes(cycle,
                                        ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL));
        }
    }
}

2.2.1 ngx_exec_new_binary

  • 将cycle中的listening监听套接字放到环境变量中

  • 将pid文件生命为oldpid

  • 创建新进程,执行新的二进制文件

ngx_pid_t
ngx_exec_new_binary(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, char *const *argv)
{
    char             **env, *var;
    u_char            *p;
    ngx_uint_t         i, n;
    ngx_pid_t          pid;
    ngx_exec_ctx_t     ctx;
    ngx_core_conf_t   *ccf;
    ngx_listening_t   *ls;

    ngx_memzero(&ctx, sizeof(ngx_exec_ctx_t));

    ctx.path = argv[0];
    ctx.name = "new binary process";
    ctx.argv = argv;

    n = 2;
    env = ngx_set_environment(cycle, &n);
    if (env == NULL) {
        return NGX_INVALID_PID;
    }

    var = ngx_alloc(sizeof(NGINX_VAR)
                    + cycle->listening.nelts * (NGX_INT32_LEN + 1) + 2,
                    cycle->log);
    if (var == NULL) {
        ngx_free(env);
        return NGX_INVALID_PID;
    }

    p = ngx_cpymem(var, NGINX_VAR "=", sizeof(NGINX_VAR));

    ls = cycle->listening.elts;
    for (i = 0; i < cycle->listening.nelts; i++) {
        p = ngx_sprintf(p, "%ud;", ls[i].fd);
    }

    *p = '\0';

    env[n++] = var;

#if (NGX_SETPROCTITLE_USES_ENV)

    /* allocate the spare 300 bytes for the new binary process title */

    env[n++] = "SPARE=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
               "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
               "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
               "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
               "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";

#endif

    env[n] = NULL;

#if (NGX_DEBUG)
    {
    char  **e;
    for (e = env; *e; e++) {
        ngx_log_debug1(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_CORE, cycle->log, 0, "env: %s", *e);
    }
    }
#endif

    ctx.envp = (char *const *) env;

    ccf = (ngx_core_conf_t *) ngx_get_conf(cycle->conf_ctx, ngx_core_module);

    if (ngx_rename_file(ccf->pid.data, ccf->oldpid.data) == NGX_FILE_ERROR) {
        ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, cycle->log, ngx_errno,
                      ngx_rename_file_n " %s to %s failed "
                      "before executing new binary process \"%s\"",
                      ccf->pid.data, ccf->oldpid.data, argv[0]);

        ngx_free(env);
        ngx_free(var);

        return NGX_INVALID_PID;
    }

    pid = ngx_execute(cycle, &ctx);

    if (pid == NGX_INVALID_PID) {
        if (ngx_rename_file(ccf->oldpid.data, ccf->pid.data)
            == NGX_FILE_ERROR)
        {
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, cycle->log, ngx_errno,
                          ngx_rename_file_n " %s back to %s failed after "
                          "an attempt to execute new binary process \"%s\"",
                          ccf->oldpid.data, ccf->pid.data, argv[0]);
        }
    }

    ngx_free(env);
    ngx_free(var);

    return pid;
}

ngx_pid_t
ngx_execute(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, ngx_exec_ctx_t *ctx)
{
    return ngx_spawn_process(cycle, ngx_execute_proc, ctx, ctx->name,
                             NGX_PROCESS_DETACHED);
}

static void
ngx_execute_proc(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, void *data)
{
    ngx_exec_ctx_t  *ctx = data;

    if (execve(ctx->path, ctx->argv, ctx->envp) == -1) {
        ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, cycle->log, ngx_errno,
                      "execve() failed while executing %s \"%s\"",
                      ctx->name, ctx->path);
    }

    exit(1);
}

2.3 旧版本的master退出

此时,nginx会有两个进程,一个是新版本的,一个是旧版本的,需要将旧版本的结束,其在处理quit信号时,主进程会向work进程发送quit信号,现时主进程也会关闭监听套接字

if (ngx_quit) {
    ngx_signal_worker_processes(cycle,
                                ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL));
    ngx_close_listening_sockets(cycle);

    continue;
}

2.3.1 ngx_signal_worker_processes

向工作进程发送quit消息

static void
ngx_signal_worker_processes(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, int signo)
{
    ngx_int_t      i;
    ngx_err_t      err;
    ngx_channel_t  ch;

    ngx_memzero(&ch, sizeof(ngx_channel_t));

#if (NGX_BROKEN_SCM_RIGHTS)

    ch.command = 0;

#else

    switch (signo) {

    case ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL):
        ch.command = NGX_CMD_QUIT;
        break;

    case ngx_signal_value(NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL):
        ch.command = NGX_CMD_TERMINATE;
        break;

    case ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL):
        ch.command = NGX_CMD_REOPEN;
        break;

    default:
        ch.command = 0;
    }

#endif

    ch.fd = -1;


    for (i = 0; i < ngx_last_process; i++) {

        ngx_log_debug7(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_EVENT, cycle->log, 0,
                       "child: %i %P e:%d t:%d d:%d r:%d j:%d",
                       i,
                       ngx_processes[i].pid,
                       ngx_processes[i].exiting,
                       ngx_processes[i].exited,
                       ngx_processes[i].detached,
                       ngx_processes[i].respawn,
                       ngx_processes[i].just_spawn);

        if (ngx_processes[i].detached || ngx_processes[i].pid == -1) {
            continue;
        }

        if (ngx_processes[i].just_spawn) {
            ngx_processes[i].just_spawn = 0;
            continue;
        }

        if (ngx_processes[i].exiting
            && signo == ngx_signal_value(NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL))
        {
            continue;
        }

        if (ch.command) {
            if (ngx_write_channel(ngx_processes[i].channel[0],
                                  &ch, sizeof(ngx_channel_t), cycle->log)
                == NGX_OK)
            {
                if (signo != ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL)) {
                    ngx_processes[i].exiting = 1;
                }

                continue;
            }
        }

        ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_CORE, cycle->log, 0,
                       "kill (%P, %d)", ngx_processes[i].pid, signo);

        if (kill(ngx_processes[i].pid, signo) == -1) {
            err = ngx_errno;
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, cycle->log, err,
                          "kill(%P, %d) failed", ngx_processes[i].pid, signo);

            if (err == NGX_ESRCH) {
                ngx_processes[i].exited = 1;
                ngx_processes[i].exiting = 0;
                ngx_reap = 1;
            }

            continue;
        }

        if (signo != ngx_signal_value(NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL)) {
            ngx_processes[i].exiting = 1;
        }
    }
}

2.3.2 ngx_close_listening_sockets

关闭监听套接字

void
ngx_close_listening_sockets(ngx_cycle_t *cycle)
{
    ngx_uint_t         i;
    ngx_listening_t   *ls;
    ngx_connection_t  *c;

    if (ngx_event_flags & NGX_USE_IOCP_EVENT) {
        return;
    }

    ngx_accept_mutex_held = 0;
    ngx_use_accept_mutex = 0;

    ls = cycle->listening.elts;
    for (i = 0; i < cycle->listening.nelts; i++) {

        c = ls[i].connection;

        if (c) {
            if (c->read->active) {
                if (ngx_event_flags & NGX_USE_EPOLL_EVENT) {

                    /*
                     * it seems that Linux-2.6.x OpenVZ sends events
                     * for closed shared listening sockets unless
                     * the events was explicitly deleted
                     */

                    ngx_del_event(c->read, NGX_READ_EVENT, 0);

                } else {
                    ngx_del_event(c->read, NGX_READ_EVENT, NGX_CLOSE_EVENT);
                }
            }

            ngx_free_connection(c);

            c->fd = (ngx_socket_t) -1;
        }

        ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_CORE, cycle->log, 0,
                       "close listening %V #%d ", &ls[i].addr_text, ls[i].fd);

        if (ngx_close_socket(ls[i].fd) == -1) {
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_EMERG, cycle->log, ngx_socket_errno,
                          ngx_close_socket_n " %V failed", &ls[i].addr_text);
        }

#if (NGX_HAVE_UNIX_DOMAIN)

        if (ls[i].sockaddr->sa_family == AF_UNIX
            && ngx_process <= NGX_PROCESS_MASTER
            && ngx_new_binary == 0
            && (!ls[i].inherited || ngx_getppid() != ngx_parent))
        {
            u_char *name = ls[i].addr_text.data + sizeof("unix:") - 1;

            if (ngx_delete_file(name) == NGX_FILE_ERROR) {
                ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_EMERG, cycle->log, ngx_socket_errno,
                              ngx_delete_file_n " %s failed", name);
            }
        }

#endif

        ls[i].fd = (ngx_socket_t) -1;
    }

    cycle->listening.nelts = 0;
}
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