作者:liuxiaopeng
链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/paddix
一、拦截器与过滤器
在讲Spring boot之前,我们先了解一下过滤器和拦截器。这两者在功能方面很类似,但是在具体技术实现方面,差距还是比较大的。在分析两者的区别之前,我们先理解一下AOP的概念,AOP不是一种具体的技术,而是一种编程思想。在面向对象编程的过程中,我们很容易通过继承、多态来解决纵向扩展。
但是对于横向的功能,比如,在所有的service方法中开启事务,或者统一记录日志等功能,面向对象的是无法解决的。所以AOP——面向切面编程其实是面向对象编程思想的一个补充。而我们今天讲的过滤器和拦截器都属于面向切面编程的具体实现。
而两者的主要区别包括以下几个方面:
Filter是依赖于Servlet容器,属于Servlet规范的一部分,而拦截器则是独立存在的,可以在任何情况下使用。
Filter的执行由Servlet容器回调完成,而拦截器通常通过动态代理的方式来执行。
Filter的生命周期由Servlet容器管理,而拦截器则可以通过IoC容器来管理,因此可以通过注入等方式来获取其他Bean的实例,因此使用会更方便。
二、过滤器的配置
现在我们通过过滤器来实现记录请求执行时间的功能,其实现如下:
public class LogCostFilter implements Filter { @Override public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">doFilter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">ServletRequest</span> servletRequest<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ServletResponse</span> servletResponse<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">FilterChain</span> filterChain<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">IOException</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ServletException</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>` <span class="token keyword">long</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> filterChain<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">doFilter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>servletRequest<span class="token punctuation">,</span> servletResponse<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Execute cost="</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">destroy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
这段代码的逻辑比较简单,就是在方法执行前先记录时间戳,然后通过过滤器链完成请求的执行,在返回结果之间计算执行的时间。这里需要主要,这个类必须继承Filter类,这个是Servlet的规范,这个跟以前的Web项目没区别。
但是,有了过滤器类以后,以前的web项目可以在web.xml中进行配置,但是spring boot项目并没有web.xml这个文件,那怎么配置?在Spring boot中,我们需要FilterRegistrationBean
来完成配置。其实现过程如下:
@Configuration public class FilterConfig {
<span class="token annotation punctuation">@Bean</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">FilterRegistrationBean</span> <span class="token function">registFilter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token class-name">FilterRegistrationBean</span> registration <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FilterRegistrationBean</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> registration<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setFilter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">LogCostFilter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> registration<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addUrlPatterns</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"/*"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> registration<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"LogCostFilter"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> registration<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setOrder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> registration<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
这样配置就完成了,需要配置的选项主要包括实例化Filter类,然后指定url的匹配模式,设置过滤器名称和执行顺序,这个过程和在web.xml中配置其实没什么区别,只是形式不同而已。现在我们可以启动服务器访问任意URL:
大家可以看到上面的配置已经生效了。除了通过 FilterRegistrationBean
来配置以外,还有一种更直接的办法,直接通过注解就可以完成了:
@WebFilter(urlPatterns = "/*", filterName = "logFilter2") public class LogCostFilter2 implements Filter {
<span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">init</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">FilterConfig</span> filterConfig<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">ServletException</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">doFilter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">ServletRequest</span> servletRequest<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ServletResponse</span> servletResponse<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">FilterChain</span> filterChain<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">IOException</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ServletException</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">long</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> filterChain<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">doFilter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>servletRequest<span class="token punctuation">,</span> servletResponse<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"LogFilter2 Execute cost="</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">destroy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
这里直接用@WebFilter
就可以进行配置,同样,可以设置url匹配模式,过滤器名称等。这里需要注意一点的是@WebFilter这个注解是Servlet3.0的规范,并不是Spring boot提供的。除了这个注解以外,我们还需在配置类中加另外一个注解:@ServletComponetScan,指定扫描的包。
@SpringBootApplication @MapperScan("com.pandy.blog.dao") @ServletComponentScan("com.pandy.blog.filters") public class Application {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">Exception</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token class-name">SpringApplication</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Application</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
现在,我们再来访问一下任意URL:
可以看到,我们配置的两个过滤器都生效了。细心的读者会发现,第二个Filter我们并没有指定执行的顺序,但是却在第一个Filter之前执行。这里需要解释一下,@WebFilter
这个注解并没有指定执行顺序的属性,其执行顺序依赖于Filter的名称,是根据Filter类名(注意不是配置的filter的名字)的字母顺序倒序排列,并且@WebFilter
指定的过滤器优先级都高于FilterRegistrationBean
配置的过滤器。有兴趣的朋友可以自己实验一下。
三、拦截器的配置
上面我们已经介绍了过滤器的配置方法,接下来我们再来看看如何配置一个拦截器。我们使用拦截器来实现上面同样的功能,记录请求的执行时间。首先我们实现拦截器类:
public class LogCostInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
<span class="token keyword">long</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> <span class="token function">preHandle</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">HttpServletRequest</span> httpServletRequest<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">HttpServletResponse</span> httpServletResponse<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">Object</span> o<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">Exception</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">postHandle</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">HttpServletRequest</span> httpServletRequest<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">HttpServletResponse</span> httpServletResponse<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">Object</span> o<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ModelAndView</span> modelAndView<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">Exception</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Interceptor cost="</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">afterCompletion</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">HttpServletRequest</span> httpServletRequest<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">HttpServletResponse</span> httpServletResponse<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">Object</span> o<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">Exception</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">Exception</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
这里我们需要实现HandlerInterceptor
这个接口,这个接口包括三个方法,preHandle是请求执行前执行的,postHandler是请求结束执行的,但只有preHandle方法返回true的时候才会执行,afterCompletion是视图渲染完成后才执行,同样需要preHandle返回true,该方法通常用于清理资源等工作。除了实现上面的接口外,我们还需对其进行配置:
@Configuration public class InterceptorConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {
<span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">addInterceptors</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterceptorRegistry</span> registry<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> registry<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addInterceptor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">LogCostInterceptor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addPathPatterns</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"/**"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">super</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addInterceptors</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>registry<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
这里我们继承了WebMVCConfigurerAdapter
,看过前面的文章的朋友应该已经见过这个类了,在进行静态资源目录配置的时候我们用到过这个类。这里我们重写了addInterceptors这个方法,进行拦截器的配置,主要配置项就两个,一个是指定拦截器,第二个是指定拦截的URL。现在我们再启动系统访问任意一个URL:
发现有个问题啊!interceptorconfig继承的应该是webmvcconfigurationsupport吧!继承adapter无法打印那个耗时的。
可以看到,我们通过拦截器实现了同样的功能。不过这里还要说明一点的是,其实这个实现是有问题的,因为preHandle和postHandle是两个方法,所以我们这里不得不设置一个共享变量start来存储开始值,但是这样就会存在线程安全问题。当然,我们可以通过其他方法来解决,比如通过ThreadLocal就可以很好的解决这个问题,有兴趣的同学可以自己实现。不过通过这一点我们其实可以看到,虽然拦截器在很多场景下优于过滤器,但是在这种场景下,过滤器比拦截器实现起来更简单。
四、总结
本文主要对基于Spring boot对过滤器和拦截器的配置进行的讲解。无论是过滤器还是拦截器都属于AOP(面向切面编程)思想的具体实现。除了这两种实现我们还见过另一种更灵活的AOP实现技术,即Aspect,我们可以通过Aspect来完成更多更强大的功能。这个后续再给大家分享。