资料1:java网络爬虫的实现 (http://developer.51cto.com/art/201103/248141.htm )
爬虫框架
传统爬虫从一个或若干初始网页的URL开始,获得初始网页上的URL,在抓取网页的过程中,不断从当前页面上抽取新的URL放入队列,直到满足系统的一定停止条件。对于垂直搜索来说,聚焦爬虫,即有针对性地爬取特定主题网页的爬虫,更为适合。
爬虫程序核心代码
public void crawl() throws Throwable {
while (continueCrawling()) {
CrawlerUrl url = getNextUrl(); //获取待爬取队列中的下一个URL
if (url != null) {
printCrawlInfo();
String content = getContent(url); //获取URL的文本信息
//聚焦爬虫只爬取与主题内容相关的网页,这里采用正则匹配简单处理
if (isContentRelevant(content, this.regexpSearchPattern)) {
saveContent(url, content); //保存网页至本地
//获取网页内容中的链接,并放入待爬取队列中
Collection urlStrings = extractUrls(content, url);
addUrlsToUrlQueue(url, urlStrings);
} else {
System.out.println(url + " is not relevant ignoring ...");
}
//延时防止被对方屏蔽
Thread.sleep(this.delayBetweenUrls);
}
}
closeOutputStream();
}
整个函数由getNextUrl、getContent、isContentRelevant、extractUrls、addUrlsToUrlQueue等几个核心方法组成,下面将一一介绍。先看getNextUrl:
private CrawlerUrl getNextUrl() throws Throwable {
CrawlerUrl nextUrl = null;
while ((nextUrl == null) && (!urlQueue.isEmpty())) {
CrawlerUrl crawlerUrl = this.urlQueue.remove();
//doWeHavePermissionToVisit:是否有权限访问该URL,友好的爬虫会根据网站提供的"Robot.txt"中配置的规则进行爬取
//isUrlAlreadyVisited:URL是否访问过,大型的搜索引擎往往采用BloomFilter进行排重,这里简单使用HashMap
//isDepthAcceptable:是否达到指定的深度上限。爬虫一般采取广度优先的方式。一些网站会构建爬虫陷阱(自动生成一些无效链接使爬虫陷入死循环),采用深度限制加以避免
if (doWeHavePermissionToVisit(crawlerUrl)
&& (!isUrlAlreadyVisited(crawlerUrl))
&& isDepthAcceptable(crawlerUrl)) {
nextUrl = crawlerUrl;
// System.out.println("Next url to be visited is " + nextUrl);
}
}
return nextUrl;
}
更多的关于robot.txt的具体写法,可参考以下这篇文章:
http://www.bloghuman.com/post/67/
getContent内部使用apache的httpclient 4.1获取网页内容,具体代码如下:
private String getContent(CrawlerUrl url) throws Throwable {
//HttpClient4.1的调用与之前的方式不同
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url.getUrlString());
StringBuffer strBuf = new StringBuffer();
HttpResponse response = client.execute(httpGet);
if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()) {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(entity.getContent(), "UTF-8"));
String line = null;
if (entity.getContentLength() > 0) {
strBuf = new StringBuffer((int) entity.getContentLength());
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
strBuf.append(line);
}
}
}
if (entity != null) {
entity.consumeContent();
}
}
//将url标记为已访问
markUrlAsVisited(url);
return strBuf.toString();
}
对于垂直型应用来说,数据的准确性往往更为重要。聚焦型爬虫的主要特点是,只收集和主题相关的数据,这就是isContentRelevant方法的作用。这里或许要使用分类预测技术,为简单起见,采用正则匹配来代替。其主要代码如下:
public static boolean isContentRelevant(String content,
Pattern regexpPattern) {
boolean retValue = false;
if (content != null) {
//是否符合正则表达式的条件
Matcher m = regexpPattern.matcher(content.toLowerCase());
retValue = m.find();
}
return retValue;
}
extractUrls的主要作用,是从网页中获取更多的URL,包括内部链接和外部链接,代码如下:
public List extractUrls(String text, CrawlerUrl crawlerUrl) {
Map urlMap = new HashMap();
extractHttpUrls(urlMap, text);
extractRelativeUrls(urlMap, text, crawlerUrl);
return new ArrayList(urlMap.keySet());
}
//处理外部链接
private void extractHttpUrls(Map urlMap, String text) {
Matcher m = httpRegexp.matcher(text);
while (m.find()) {
String url = m.group();
String[] terms = url.split("a href=\"");
for (String term : terms) {
// System.out.println("Term = " + term);
if (term.startsWith("http")) {
int index = term.indexOf("\"");
if (index > 0) {
term = term.substring(0, index);
}
urlMap.put(term, term);
System.out.println("Hyperlink: " + term);
}
}
}
}
//处理内部链接
private void extractRelativeUrls(Map urlMap, String text,
CrawlerUrl crawlerUrl) {
Matcher m = relativeRegexp.matcher(text);
URL textURL = crawlerUrl.getURL();
String host = textURL.getHost();
while (m.find()) {
String url = m.group();
String[] terms = url.split("a href=\"");
for (String term : terms) {
if (term.startsWith("/")) {
int index = term.indexOf("\"");
if (index > 0) {
term = term.substring(0, index);
}
String s = "http://" + host + term;
urlMap.put(s, s);
System.out.println("Relative url: " + s);
}
}
}
}
如此,便构建了一个简单的网络爬虫程序,可以使用以下程序来测试它:
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
String url = "http://www.amazon.com";
Queue urlQueue = new LinkedList();
String regexp = "java";
urlQueue.add(new CrawlerUrl(url, 0));
NaiveCrawler crawler = new NaiveCrawler(urlQueue, 100, 5, 1000L,
regexp);
// boolean allowCrawl = crawler.areWeAllowedToVisit(url);
// System.out.println("Allowed to crawl: " + url + " " +
// allowCrawl);
crawler.crawl();
} catch (Throwable t) {
System.out.println(t.toString());
t.printStackTrace();
}
}
当然,你可以为它赋予更为高级的功能,比如多线程、更智能的聚焦、结合Lucene建立索引等等。更为复杂的情况,可以考虑使用一些开源的蜘蛛程序,比如Nutch或是Heritrix等等