Python3：dataclasses

最新推荐文章于 2025-02-12 19:30:00 发布

王小彩

最新推荐文章于 2025-02-12 19:30:00 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/xiaocai5731/article/details/108365316

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本文深入探讨了Python 3.7中引入的dataclasses模块，详细解释了如何使用@dataclass装饰器自动生成类的__init__、__repr__等方法，从而简化类的定义过程。此外，还介绍了如何通过dataclass的field函数定制字段属性。

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dataclass装饰器

python3.7加入新module：dataclasses，就是你定义一个普通类，@dataclasses装饰器帮你生成__repr__、__init__等方法，不需要自己再写一遍了，此装饰器返回的依然是一个class。

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Dataclass1:
    name: str = 'python'
    strong_type: bool = True
    static_type: bool = False
    age: int = 28

@dataclasses会自动生成

    def __init__(self, name: str = 'python',
                 strong_type: bool = True,
                 static_type: bool = False,
                 age: int = 28):
        self.name = name
        self.strong_type = strong_type
        self.static_type = static_type
        self.age = age

    def __repr__(self):
        return Dataclass1(name=self.name,
                          strong_type=self.strong_type,
                          static_type=self.static_type,
                          age=self.age)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
            return (self.name, self.strong_type, self.static_type, self.age) == (other.name, other.strong_type, other.static_type, other.age)
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    def __ne__(self, other):
        if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
            return (self.name, self.strong_type, self.static_type, self.age) != (other.name, other.strong_type, other.static_type, other.age)
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    def __lt__(self, other):
        if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
            return (self.name, self.strong_type, self.static_type, self.age) < (other.name, other.strong_type, other.static_type, other.age)
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    def __le__(self, other):
        if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
            return (self.name, self.strong_type, self.static_type, self.age) <= (other.name, other.strong_type, other.static_type, other.age)
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    def __gt__(self, other):
        if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
            return (self.name, self.strong_type, self.static_type, self.age) > (other.name, other.strong_type, other.static_type, other.age)
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    def __ge__(self, other):
        if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
            return (self.name, self.strong_type, self.static_type, self.age) >= (other.name, other.strong_type, other.static_type, other.age)
        else:
            return NotImplemented

dataclasses的dataclass装饰器原型如下：

def dataclass(_cls=None, *, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False)

dataclasses.field

原型：

def field(*, default=MISSING, default_factory=MISSING, init=True, repr=True, hash=None, compare=True, metadata=None)

default和default_factory参数将会影响默认值的产生，default是field的默认值，而default_factory控制如何产生值，它接收一个无参数或者全是默认参数的callable对象，然后调用这个对象获得field的初始值，之后再将default(如何值不是MISSING)复制给callable返回的这个对象。
举例：

from dataclasses import dataclass, field


@dataclass
class Dataclass1:
    mylist: list = field(default_factory=list)


dataclass1 = Dataclass1()
dataclass1.mylist += [1, 2, 3]
print(dataclass1.mylist)

dataclass2 = Dataclass1()
print(dataclass2.mylist)