建立 CA
建立 CA 目录结构
按照 OpenSSL 的默认配置建立 CA ，需要在文件系统中建立相应的目录结构。相关的配置内容一般位于/usr/ssl/openssl.cnf (SUSE => /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf)内，详情可参见 config (1) 。在终端中使用如下命令建立目录结构：
$ mkdir -p ./demoCA/{private,newcerts}
$ touch ./demoCA/index.txt
$ echo 01 > ./demoCA/serial
产生的目录结构如下：
.
`-- demoCA/
|-- index.txt
|-- newcerts/
|-- private/
`-- serial
生成 CA 证书的 RSA 密钥对
首先，我们要为 CA 建立 RSA 密钥对。打开终端，使用如下命令生成 RSA 密钥对：
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 2048
参数解释
genrsa
用于生成 RSA 密钥对的 OpenSSL 命令。
-des3
使用 3-DES 对称加密算法加密密钥对，该参数需要用户在密钥生成过程中输入一个口令用于加密。今后使用该密钥对时，需要输入相应的口令。如果不加该选项，则不对密钥进行加密。
-out ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem
令生成的密钥对保存到文件 ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 。
2048
RSA 模数位数，在一定程度上表征了密钥强度。
该命令输出如下，用户应输入自己的密钥口令并确认：
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
................................................+++
.........................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<re-enter your pass-phrase>
生成 CA 证书请求
为了获取一个 CA 根证书，我们需要先制作一份证书请求。先前生成的 CA 密钥对被用于对证书请求签名。
$ openssl req -new -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out careq.pem
参数解释
req
用于生成证书请求的 OpenSSL 命令。
-new
生成一个新的证书请求。该参数将令 OpenSSL 在证书请求生成过程中要求用户填写一些相应的字段。
-days 365
从生成之时算起，证书时效为 365 天。
-key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem
指定 ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 为证书所使用的密钥对文件。
-out careq.pem
令生成的证书请求保存到文件 careq.pem 。
该命令将提示用户输入密钥口令并填写证书相关信息字段，输出如下：
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter you pass-phrase>
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:ZJ
Locality Name (eg, city) []:HZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Some Ltd. Corp.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Some Unit
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:Someone
Email Address []:some@email.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
对 CA 证书请求进行签名
在实际应用中，用户可以通过向知名 CA 递交证书请求来申请证书。但是在这里，我们需要建立的是一个根 CA ，只能由我们自己来对证书请求进行签名。所以我们让 OpenSSL 使用证书请求中附带的密钥对对该请求进行签名，也就是所谓的“ self sign ”：
$ openssl ca -selfsign -in careq.pem -out cacert.pem
参数解释
ca
用于执行 CA 相关操作的 OpenSSL 命令。
-selfsign
使用对证书请求进行签名的密钥对来签发证书。
-in careq.pem
指定 careq.pem 为证书请求文件。
-out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
指定 ./demoCA/cacert.pem 为输出的证书。
该命令要求用户输入密钥口令并输出相关证书信息，请求用户确认：
Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
Validity
Not Before: Jan 16 13:05:09 2008 GMT
Not After : Jan 15 13:05:09 2009 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ZJ
organizationName = Some Ltd. Corp.
organizationalUnitName = Some Unit
commonName = Someone
emailAddress = some@email.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
75:F5:3C:CC:C1:5E:6D:C3:8B:46:A8:08:E6:EA:29:E8:22:7E:70:03
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:75:F5:3C:CC:C1:5E:6D:C3:8B:46:A8:08:E6:EA:29:E8:22:7E:70:03
Certificate is to be certified until Jan 15 13:05:09 2009 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
一步完成 CA 证书请求生成及签名
以上两个步骤可以合二为一。利用 ca 命令的 -x509 参数，通过以下命令同时完成证书请求生成和签名从而生成 CA 根证书：
$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
参数解释
req
用于生成证书请求的 OpenSSL 命令。
-new
生成一个新的证书请求。该参数将令 OpenSSL 在证书请求生成过程中要求用户填写一些相应的字段。
-x509
生成一份 X.509 证书。
-days 365
从生成之时算起，证书时效为 365 天。
-key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem
指定 cakey.pem 为证书所使用的密钥对文件。
-out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
令生成的证书保存到文件 ./demoCA/cacert.pem 。
该命令输出如下，用户应输入相应的字段：
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:ZJ
Locality Name (eg, city) []:HZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Some Ltd. Corp.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Some Unit
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:Someone
Email Address []:some@email.com
至此，我们便已成功建立了一个私有根 CA 。在这个过程中，我们获得了一份 CA 密钥对文件 ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 以及一份由此密钥对签名的 CA 根证书文件 ./demoCA/cacert.pem ，得到的 CA 目录结构如下：
.
|-- careq.pem
`-- demoCA/
|-- cacert.pem
|-- index.txt
|-- index.txt.attr
|-- index.txt.old
|-- newcerts/
| `-- 01.pem
|-- private/
| `-- cakey.pem
|-- serial
`-- serial.old
注：如果在 CA 建立过程中跳过证书请求生成的步骤，则不会产生 careq.pem 文件。
签发证书
下面我们就可以利用建立起来的 CA 进行证书签发了。
生成用户证书 RSA 密钥对
参照 CA 的 RSA 密钥对生成过程，使用如下命令生成新的密钥对：
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out userkey.pem
Generating RSA private key, 512 bit long modulus
....++++++++++++
...++++++++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for userkey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for userkey.pem:<re-enter your pass-phrase>
生成用户证书请求
参照 CA 的证书请求生成过程，使用如下命令生成新的证书请求：
$ openssl req -new -days 365 -key userkey.pem -out userreq.pem
Enter pass phrase for userkey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:ZJ
Locality Name (eg, city) []:HZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Some Ltd. Corp.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Some Other Unit
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:Another
Email Address []:another@email.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
签发用户证书
现在，我们可以用先前建立的 CA 来对用户的证书请求进行签名来为用户签发证书了。使用如下命令：
$ openssl ca -in userreq.pem -out usercert.pem
参数解释
ca
用于执行 CA 相关操作的 OpenSSL 命令。
-in userreq.pem
指定用户证书请求文件为 userreq.pem 。
-out usercert.pem
指定输出的用户证书文件为 usercert.pem 。
该命令要求用户输入密钥口令并输出相关证书信息，请求用户确认：
Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
Validity
Not Before: Jan 16 14:50:22 2008 GMT
Not After : Jan 15 14:50:22 2009 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ZJ
organizationName = Some Ltd. Corp.
organizationalUnitName = Some Other Unit
commonName = Another
emailAddress = another@email.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
97:E7:8E:84:B1:45:27:83:94:A0:DC:24:79:7B:83:97:99:0B:36:A9
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:D9:87:12:94:B2:20:C7:22:AB:D4:D5:DF:33:DB:84:F3:B0:4A:EC:A2
Certificate is to be certified until Jan 15 14:50:22 2009 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
# 建立 CA 目录结构
mkdir -p ./demoCA/{private,newcerts}
touch ./demoCA/index.txt
echo 01 > ./demoCA/serial
# 生成 CA 的 RSA 密钥对
openssl genrsa -des3 -out ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 2048
# 生成 CA 证书请求
openssl req -new -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out careq.pem
# 自签发 CA 证书
openssl ca -selfsign -in careq.pem -out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
# 以上两步可以合二为一
openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
# 生成用户的 RSA 密钥对
openssl genrsa -des3 -out userkey.pem
# 生成用户证书请求
openssl req -new -days 365 -key userkey.pem -out userreq.pem
# 使用 CA 签发用户证书
openssl ca -in userreq.pem -out usercert.pem
客户端：
使用RSA算法产生公私钥和证书请求
1. 输入测试用密码echo "123456" > password.txtecho "123456" >> password.txt如果使用密码文件的话，也可以每次都手工输入密码。（非必须）
2. 生成RSA私钥openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout file:password.txt -out private_key.pem使用aes256 密码在password.txt文件中，密码内容是：123456，输出的私钥文件名是private_key.pem
3. 把PEM格式的私钥转换为DER格式openssl rsa -inform PEM -outform DER -in private_key.pem -passin file:password.txt -out private_key.der
4. 使用 asn1parse 解析der格式的私钥文件openssl asn1parse -in private_key.der -inform DER
5. 使用私钥生成公钥openssl rsa -in private_key.pem -passin file:password.txt -pubout -out public_key.pem
6. 查看公钥的信息openssl rsa -in public_key.pem -pubin -text
7. 使用公钥生成证书请求openssl req -new -inform PEM -outform PEM -in public_key.pem -key private_key.pem -keyform PEM -passin file:password.txt -out my_certificate.csr8. 查看证书请求的信息openssl req -in my_certificate.csr -text -noout
{allinone: 其实上面的2-8步骤中的主要步骤：2 5 7 步可以合并为一条命令，生成的公钥和证书请求都在 allinone_publkey.pem 中mkdir allinone; cd allinoneopenssl req -new -passout file:../password.txt -keyout allinone_privkey.pem -pubkey -out allinone_publkey.pem
注意：1.passout和passin的区别2.使用allinone 方式只能产生RSA密钥，DSA方式需要按照下面的步骤}
(可以添加 -V(v)erify <depth> 来进行客户端证书验证, 大写V是强制客户端证书验证，小写v是非强制客户端证书象征)
（如果服务端设置了 -V(v)erify 可以通过 -cert 和 -CAfile 添加客户端证书和证书链）
1. 产生 DSA parameter fileopenssl dsaparam -out dsa_param.prm 1024
2. 生成 DSA 私钥openssl gendsa -out dsa_privkey.pem -des3 -passout file:password.txt dsa_param.prm{可以使用 openssl dsaparam -out dsa_param.prm 1024 -genkey 一起生成DSA 参数和DSA密钥。但没有办法设置密码}
3. 查看DSA私钥信息openssl dsa -in dsa_privkey.pem -text -noout -passin file:password.txt
3. 生成DSA公钥openssl dsa -in dsa_privkey.pem -passin file:password.txt -pubout -out dsa_pubkey.pem
4. 查看DSA公钥信息openssl dsa -in dsa_pubkey.pem -pubin -text -noout后面接RSA中的步骤7
$diff ca.conf /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf45c45< dir = /home/admin/tools/test/c-common-objects/PKI/CA # Where everything is kept---> dir = ../../CA # Where everything is kept53c53< certificate = $dir/private/cacert.crt # The CA certificate---> certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificate58c58< private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem # The private key---> private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private key84,85c84< #policy = policy_match< policy = policy_anything---> policy = policy_match105c104< commonName = optional---> commonName = supplied131,132c130< #string_mask = MASK:0x2002< pkix = MASK:0x2002---> string_mask = MASK:0x2002138c136< countryName_default = CN---> countryName_default = GB143c141< stateOrProvinceName_default = ZheJiang---> stateOrProvinceName_default = Berkshire146c144< localityName_default = HangZhou---> localityName_default = Newbury149c147< 0.organizationName_default = Alibaba---> 0.organizationName_default = My Company Ltd180,181c178< #basicConstraints=CA:FALSE< basicConstraints=CA:TRUE---> basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
$diff ca.conf inter_ca.conf
53c53
< certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificate
---
> certificate = $dir/inter_cacert.crt # The CA certificate
58c58
< private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem # The private key
---
> private_key = $dir/private/inter_cakey.pem # The private key
105c105
< commonName = optional
---
> commonName = supplied
180,181c180
< #basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
< basicConstraints=CA:TRUE
---
> basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
（openssl ca -config inter_ca.conf -in ../User/my_certificate.csr -passin file:private/password.txt -batch。PS， 同一个csr 不限制生成证书的次数 ）
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