话起于《COM技术内幕》第3章的例子,具体代码如下:
#include "stdafx.h"
//
// IUnknown.cpp
// To compile use: cl IUnknown.cpp UUID.lib
//
#include <iostream>
#include <objbase.h>
using namespace std;
void trace(const char* msg) { cout << msg << endl ;}
// Interfaces
interface IX : IUnknown
{
virtual void __stdcall Fx() = 0 ;
} ;
interface IY : IUnknown
{
virtual void __stdcall Fy() = 0 ;
} ;
interface IZ : IUnknown
{
virtual void __stdcall Fz() = 0 ;
} ;
// Forward references for GUIDs
extern const IID IID_IX ;
extern const IID IID_IY ;
extern const IID IID_IZ ;
//
// Component
//
class CA : public IX,
public IY
{
//IUnknown implementation
virtual HRESULT __stdcall QueryInterface(const IID& iid, void** ppv) ;
virtual ULONG __stdcall AddRef() { return 0 ;}
virtual ULONG __stdcall Release() { return 0 ;}
// Interface IX implementation
virtual void __stdcall Fx() { cout << "Fx" << endl ;}
// Interface IY implementation
virtual void __stdcall Fy() { cout << "Fy" << endl ;}
} ;
HRESULT __stdcall CA::QueryInterface(const IID& iid, void** ppv)
{
if (iid == IID_IUnknown)
{
trace("QueryInterface: Return pointer to IUnknown.") ;
*ppv = static_cast<IX*>(this) ;
}
else if (iid == IID_IX)
{
trace("QueryInterface: Return pointer to IX.") ;
*ppv = static_cast<IX*>(this) ;
}
else if (iid == IID_IY)
{
trace("QueryInterface: Return pointer to IY.") ;
*ppv = static_cast<IY*>(this) ;
}
else
{
trace("QueryInterface: Interface not supported.") ;
*ppv = NULL ;
return E_NOINTERFACE ;
}
reinterpret_cast<IUnknown*>(*ppv)->AddRef() ; // See Chapter 4.
return S_OK ;
}
//
// Creation function
//
IUnknown* CreateInstance()
{
IUnknown* pI = static_cast<IY*>(new CA) ;
pI->AddRef() ;
return pI ;
}
//
// IIDs
//
// {32bb8320-b41b-11cf-a6bb-0080c7b2d682}
static const IID IID_IX =
{0x32bb8320, 0xb41b, 0x11cf,
{0xa6, 0xbb, 0x0, 0x80, 0xc7, 0xb2, 0xd6, 0x82}} ;
// {32bb8321-b41b-11cf-a6bb-0080c7b2d682}
static const IID IID_IY =
{0x32bb8321, 0xb41b, 0x11cf,
{0xa6, 0xbb, 0x0, 0x80, 0xc7, 0xb2, 0xd6, 0x82}} ;
// {32bb8322-b41b-11cf-a6bb-0080c7b2d682}
static const IID IID_IZ =
{0x32bb8322, 0xb41b, 0x11cf,
{0xa6, 0xbb, 0x0, 0x80, 0xc7, 0xb2, 0xd6, 0x82}} ;
//
// Client
//
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
HRESULT hr ;
trace("Client: Get an IUnknown pointer.") ;
IUnknown* pIUnknown = CreateInstance() ;
trace("Client: Get interface IX.") ;
IX* pIX = NULL ;
hr = pIUnknown->QueryInterface(IID_IX, (void**)&pIX) ;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
trace("Client: Succeeded getting IX.") ;
pIX->Fx() ; // Use interface IX.
}
trace("Client: Get interface IY.") ;
IY* pIY = NULL ;
hr = pIUnknown->QueryInterface(IID_IY, (void**)&pIY) ;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
trace("Client: Succeeded getting IY.") ;
pIY->Fy() ; // Use interface IY.
}
trace("Client: Ask for an unsupported interface.") ;
IZ* pIZ = NULL ;
hr = pIUnknown->QueryInterface(IID_IZ, (void**)&pIZ) ;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
trace("Client: Succeeded in getting interface IZ.") ;
pIZ->Fz() ;
}
else
{
trace("Client: Could not get interface IZ.") ;
}
trace("Client: Get interface IY from interface IX.") ;
IY* pIYfromIX = NULL ;
hr = pIX->QueryInterface(IID_IY, (void**)&pIYfromIX) ;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
trace("Client: Succeeded getting IY.") ;
pIYfromIX->Fy() ;
}
trace("Client: Get interface IUnknown from IY.") ;
IUnknown* pIUnknownFromIY = NULL ;
hr = pIY->QueryInterface(IID_IUnknown, (void**)&pIUnknownFromIY) ;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
cout << "Are the IUnknown pointers equal? " ;
if (pIUnknownFromIY == pIUnknown)
{
cout << "Yes, pIUnknownFromIY == pIUnknown." << endl ;
}
else
{
cout << "No, pIUnknownFromIY != pIUnknown." << endl ;
}
}
// Delete the component.
delete pIUnknown ;
//pIUnknown->Release();
return 0 ;
}
上面的例子运行起来没有任何问题,但有一个疑问,如果我把CreateInstance()修改成
IUnknown* CreateInstance()
{
IUnknown* pI = static_cast<IY*>(new CA) ;
pI->AddRef() ;
return pI ;
}
会有什么影响?
从分析上来看没有任何问题,只是将多继承的对象强转成哪个父类对象,但是在运行到delete pIUnknown时出现ASSERT异常,F10进去发现_ASSERTE(_BLOCK_TYPE_IS_VALID(pHead->nBlockUse));出错。
因为此时pIUnknown指针并不指向当初分配的整个内存块,在new的时候会给内存写头信息,此时pIUnknown无法找到头信息,导致delete失败。
要想delete成功,必须修改继承顺序,即
class CA : public IY, public IX{...}
当然,在这还有一个疑问,如果是pIUnknown->Release()会是怎样的结果?
本例Release()函数没有进行任何处理,肯定会造成内存泄漏,如果Release()里面也是delete的话,那么强转的类型真的很重要。