高级Bash脚本编程指南(11)：操作字符串

高级Bash脚本编程指南(11)：操作字符串

成于坚持，败于止步

Bash所支持的字符串操作的数量多的令人惊讶. 但是不幸的是, 这些工具缺乏统一的标准. 一些是参数替换的子集, 而另外一些则受到UNIX expr命令的影响. 这就导致了命令语法的不一致, 还会引起冗余的功能, 但是这些并没有引起混乱.

得到字符串长度的方法：

一${#string}

二expr length $string

三expr "$string" : '.*'

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcdefg"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${#string}
7
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr length $string`
7
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr "$string" : '.*'`
7
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013#

学习一个方法：在一个文本文件的段落之间插入空行

#!/bin/bash

MINLEN=3
while read line
do 
	echo "$line"
	len=${#line}
	if [ "$len" -lt "$MINLEN" ];then
		echo 
	fi
done

exit 0

结果：

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# ./test6.sh <file.txt 
12345
12

121321313
12

131234
2

123424155
3rwq
e

wer
weee
ee

e

eeeerqwte
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

匹配字符串开头的子串长度

方法一expr match "$string" '$substring'

$substring是一个正则表达式.

方法二expr "$string" : '$substring'

$substring是一个正则表达式.

索引expr index $string $substring通过这种方法在字符串$string中所匹配到的$substring第一次所出现的位置.

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string=abcABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr index "$string" C12`
6
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr index "$string" A`
4
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013#

提取子串

方法一

${string:position}

在$string中从位置$position开始提取子串，如果$string是"*"或者"@", 那么将会提取从位置$position开始的位置参数

${string:position:length}

在$string中从位置$position开始提取$length长度的子串.

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string:0}
abcABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string:2}
cABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string:8}
3ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string:8:3}
3AB
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string:-4}
abcABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string:(-4)}
Cabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string: -4}
Cabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

默认是提取整个字符串, 就象${parameter:-default}一样，所以倒数第三个命令返回整个字符串，但是使用圆括号或者添加一个空格可以"转义"这个位置参数，意识是打印倒数四个字符

如果$string参数是"*"或"@", 那么将会从$position位置开始提取$length个位置参数, 但是由于可能没有$length个位置参数了, 那么就有几个位置参数就提取几个位置参数

方法二：

expr substr $string $position $length
在$string中从$position开始提取$length长度的子串

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr substr $string 1 2`
ab
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr substr $string 1 4`
abcA
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr substr $string 4 3`
ABC
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

方法三：

expr match "$string" '\($substring\)'

从$string的开始位置提取$substring, $substring是正则表达式.

expr "$string" : '\($substring\)'

从$string的开始位置提取$substring, $substring是正则表达式.

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr match "$string" '\(.[b-c]*[A-Z]..[0-9]\)'`
abcABC1
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr "$string" : '\(.[b-c]*[A-Z]..[0-9]\)'`
abcABC1
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr "$string" : '\(.....\)'`
abcAB
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

方法四：

expr match "$string" '.*\($substring\)'

从$string的结尾提取$substring, $substring是正则表达式.

expr "$string" : '.*\($substring\)'

从$string的结尾提取$substring, $substring是正则表达式.

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr match "$string" '.*\([A-C][A-C][A-C][a-c]*\)'`
ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr "$string" : '.*\([A-C][A-C][A-C][a-c]*\)'`
ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo `expr "$string" : '.*\(.....\)'`
BCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

子串削除

方法一：

${string#substring}

从$string的开头位置截掉最短匹配的$substring.

${string##substring}

从$string的开头位置截掉最长匹配的$substrin

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string#a*c}
ABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string#a*C}
123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string##a*C}
abc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

方法二：

${string%substring}

从$string的结尾位置截掉最短匹配的$substring.

${string%%substring}

从$string的结尾位置截掉最长匹配的$substring.

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string%b*c}
abcABC123ABCa
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string%%b*c}
a
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

子串替换

方法一：

${string/substring/replacement}

使用$replacement来替换第一个匹配的$substring.

${string//substring/replacement}

使用$replacement来替换所有匹配的$substring.

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string/abc/xyz}
xyzABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string//abc/xyz}
xyzABC123ABCxyz
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

方法二：

${string/#substring/replacement}

如果$substring匹配$string的开头部分, 那么就用$replacement来替换$substring.

${string/%substring/replacement}

如果$substring匹配$string的结尾部分, 那么就用$replacement来替换$substring.

这种方法只处理开头部分或者结尾部分，对中间字符没有任何作用

root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# string="abcABC123ABCabc"
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string/#abc/XYZ}
XYZABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string/%abc/XYZ}
abcABC123ABCXYZ
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string/%ABC/XYZ}
abcABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# echo ${string/#ABC/XYZ}
abcABC123ABCabc
root@ubuntu:~/resource/shell-study/0507-2013# 

先到这里了，O(∩_∩)O~

我的专栏地址：http://blog.csdn.net/column/details/shell-daily-study.html

待续。。。。。