A:
Shallow copies duplicate as little as possible. A shallow copy of a collection is a copy of the collection structure, not the elements. With a shallow copy, two collections now share the individual elements.
Deep copies duplicate everything. A deep copy of a collection is two collections with all of the elements in the original collection duplicated.
A:
Breadth vs Depth; think in terms of a tree of references with your object as the root node.
Shallow:
Deep: