Linux并发程序设计（1）——进程

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-06 14:30:22 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-09-06 14:30:22 发布

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原文链接：https://wlybsy.blog.csdn.net/article/details/107614653

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文章目录

进程的概念

在了解进程之前我们需要了解什么是程序，程序就是存放在磁盘上的指令和数据的有序集合（文件），程序是静态的（程序编译好以后指令、数据等就不能再改变)。
进程与程序是密切相关的，进程是操作系统为了执行一个程序分配资源的总称、是程序的一次执行过程，进程相当于程序来说是动态的,包括创建、调度、执行和消亡。当系统执行一个程序时，至少创建了一个进程。

进程内容

在这里插入图片描述
进程主要包括代码（正文）、用户程序、系统数据。系统数据有助于操作系统管理进程。系统数据段主要包括进程控制块（PCB Process Control Block）、CPU寄存器值、堆栈。

系统数据段	作用
进程控制块（pcb）	① 进程标识PID ② 进程用户 ③ 进程状态、优先级 ④文件描述符表
寄存器	程序计数器PC（program counter）该寄存器保存了程序下一个指令的地址
堆栈	C语言局部变量、函数的参数、返回值都是在栈上创建的

进程类型

交互进程：在Shell下启动。以在前台运行，也可以在后台运行。（后台运行给指令后加一个‘&’）
批处理进程：与在终端无关，被提交到一个作业队列中以便执行
守护进程：和终端没有关系，一直在后台运行

进程的状态

运行态：进程正在运行，或者准备运行
等待态：进程在等待一个事件的发生某种系统资源（分为可中断和不可中断）
停止态：进程被终止，收到信号后可继续运行
死亡态：已终止的程序，但是pcb没有被释放
进程状态图：

Linux下进程的相关命令

查看进程相关信息

终端命令	显示结果
`ps -ef`	进程所有者、进程号、父进程号、进程执行时间、程序对应名称
`ps aux`	相对于`ps -ef`还能够显示进程的当前状态（运行态、停止态、前台进程等）
`top`	可以查看进程动态信息（每隔3秒钟统计系统信息）能显示系统最消耗CPU资源的进程
/proc目录查看	进入该目录下可以查看进程的详细信息

注意：使用ps命令都可以配合管道命令进行筛选相关进程信息。

修改进程优先级

命令	作用
`nice`	按用户指定优先级运行进程
`renice`	改变正在运行进程的优先级

示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#dd4a68">nice</span> -n 2 ./test<span style="color:#708090">#将test进程的nice值设置为2</span>

<span style="color:#dd4a68">renice</span> -n 2 29070<span style="color:#708090">#将进程号为29070的nice值设置为2</span>
</code></span>

注意：进程的nice值默认是0,范围为- 20~20，nice值越小则优先级越高。普通用户设置的nice值只能为0 ~ 20，且只能增加nice值

前后台进程切换

命令	作用
`jobs`	查看后台进程（作业）
`bg`	将挂起的进程在后台运行
`fg`	把后台运行的进程放到前台运行

进程相关函数

创建进程——fork

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
pid_t <span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">void</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//pid_t 等价与有符号整型</span>
</code></span>

创建新的进程，失败返回-1
创建成功时，父进程返回子进程的进程号，子进程返回0
通过fork()的返回值来区分父子进程

示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
    pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"fork"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//创建失败，打印错误信息</span>
	<span style="color:#0077aa">return</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
    <span style="color:#0077aa">else</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">==</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"child prosess:my pid is %d\n"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//创建子进程，返回子进程的pid号</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
    <span style="color:#0077aa">else</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"parent process:my pid is %d\n"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//打印父进程的进程号</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

父子进程

子进程继承了父进程的内容（几乎赋值了父进程的全部内容，但是pid、ppid不同）
父子进程有独立的地址空间，互不影响
若父进程先结束
- 子进程成为孤儿进程,被init进程收养
- 子进程变成后台进程
若子进程先结束
- 父进程如果没有及时回收，子进程变成僵尸进程

注意：
1. 子进程是从fork函数的下一条语句开始执行，并没有执行fork
2. 内核先调用父进程就先执行父进程，先调用子进程就先执行子进程
3. 父进程可以多次调用fork，子进程也可以调用fork创建孙进程（注意进程的回收）

结束进程——exit/_exit/return

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">void</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//用stdlib.h头文件</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">void</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">_exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//用unistd.h头文件</span>
</code></span>

结束当前的进程并将status返回
exit结束后会刷新流的缓冲区
示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">void</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"this process will exit"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//没有换行符只能写到标准输出流的缓冲区，不会在终端显示</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//结束进程，刷新缓冲区的流,因此上条语句会显示在终端上</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"never be discovered"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//不会被打印	</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

exec函数族

作用

进程调用exec函数族执行某个程序
进程当前内容被指定程序替换
实现父子进程执行不同程序
- 父进程创建子进程
- 父进程调用exec函数族
- 父进程不受影响

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execl</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>path<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...传递给执行的程序的参数列表</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execlp</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>file<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...传递给执行的程序的参数列表</span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execv</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>path<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> argv<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...封装成指针数组的形式</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execvp</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span><span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>file<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> argv<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...封装成指针数组的形式 </span>
</code></span>

成功时返回指定程序；失败时返回EOF
path执行的程序名称，包含路径
file执行程序的名称，在PATH中查找

示例：

执行ls命令，显示/etc目录下所有文件的详细信息

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c">方式<span style="color:#986801">1</span>：execl
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execl</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/bin/ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-a"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-l"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/etc"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">NULL</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#708090">//一定要以NULL结尾，并判断函数是否执行成功</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execl"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>	

方式<span style="color:#986801">2</span>：execlp
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execl</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-a"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-l"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/etc"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">NULL</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#708090">//会自动在PATH路劲搜索</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execl"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>	
方式<span style="color:#986801">3</span>：execv
<span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-a"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-l"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/etc"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">NULL</span><span style="color:#999999">}</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//将要传递的参数放在数组中</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execv</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/bin/ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execv"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
方式<span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span>execvp
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execvp</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execvp"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//会自动在PATH路径中搜索</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

system函数

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">system</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>command<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

成功时返回command的返回值；失败时返回EOF（自动创建一个子进程，子进程执行命令）
当前进程（父进程）等待command执行结束后才继续执行。

进程回收——wait/waitpid

子进程结束时由父进程回收
孤儿进程由init进程回收
若孤儿进程没有回收会出现僵尸进程

回收函数——wait:

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
pid_t <span style="color:#dd4a68">wait</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>

成功时返回回收子进程的进程号；失败时返回EOF
若子进程没有结束，父进程一直阻塞
若有多个子进程，那个进程先结束就先回收
status指定保存子进程返回值和结束方式的地址
status为NULL表示直接释放子进程PCB，不接收返回值

示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
    <span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//接收返回值以及返回方式</span>
    pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//接收fork的返回值</span>
    <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"fork"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        <span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
    <span style="color:#0077aa">else</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">==</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#dd4a68">sleep</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//如果是子进程睡眠一秒</span>
        <span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//退出子进程</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
    <span style="color:#0077aa">else</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#dd4a68">wait</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//等待子进程结束</span>
        <span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"%x\n"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//打印输出结果</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

子进程通过exit/_exit/return返回某个值（0~255）
父进程通过调用wait（&status）回收

宏标识符	作用
WIFEXITED(status)	判断子进程是否正常结束
WEXITSTATUS（status）	获得子进程的返回值
WIFSIGNALED（status）	判断子进程是否被信号结束
WTERMSIG（status）	获取结束子进程的信号类型

回收函数——wait_pid:

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
pid_t <span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> option<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>

成功时返回回收子进程的pid或0；失败（如：没有子线程）返回EOF
pid可用于指定回收那个子进程或任意子进程
status指定用于保存子进程的返回值和结束方式的地址
option指定回收方式，0（阻塞的方式，等待子进程结束）或WNOHANG（非阻塞）

示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//指定进程的进程号，阻塞方式</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span>WNOHABG<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//子进程结束返回子进程的进程号，没有结束返回0</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//-1表示回收任意一个子进程，等价于wait</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span>WNOHANG<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//非阻塞的方式回收任意进程</span>
</code></span>

守护进程

守护进程（Daemon）是Linux三种类型之一，通常在系统启动时运行，系统结束时关闭，Linux系统中大量使用，很多服务程序就是以守护进程形式运行。
Linux以会话（session）、进程组的方式管理进程，每个进程就属于一个进程组。而会话是一个或者多个进程组的集合。通常用户打开一个终端时，系统会创建一个临时会话，所有通过该终端运行的进程都属于这个会话。终端关闭时，所有进程会被结束。那么我们要使得守护进程与终端无关，当终端关闭的时候守护进程依旧可以运行。

守护进程特点

始终在后台运行
独立于任何终端
周期性的执行某种任务或等待处理特定事件

守护进程的创建

1. 创建子进程，父进程退出

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59">></span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

子进程变成孤儿进程，被init进程收养
子进程在后台运行，但是依旧和终端相关联

2. 子进程创建新会话

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">setsid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//通过setsid创建一个新的会话</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

子进程成为新的会话组长
子进程脱离原先的终端

3. 更改当前工作目录

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#dd4a68">chdir</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">chdir</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/tmp"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//所有用户可读可写可执行</span>
</code></span>

守护进程一直在后台运行，其工作目录不能被卸载
重新设定当前工作目录cwd

4. 重设文件权限掩码

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">umask</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

文件权限掩码设置为0
只影响当前进程

5. 关闭打开的文件描述符

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> i<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">for</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getdtablesize</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">++</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//文件描述符最小就是0。getdtablesize()返回当前进程打开最大文件数</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	<span style="color:#dd4a68">close</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

关闭所有从父进程继承的打开文件
已脱离终端，stdin/stdout/stderr无法再使用

示例：
创建守护进程，没隔1秒将系统时间写入文件time.log

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><string.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><strings.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><time.h></span></span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
	pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
	FILE <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>fp<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
	time_t t<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
	<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> i<span style="color:#999999">;</span>

	<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
	<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
		<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"fork"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
		<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
	<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
	<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid <span style="color:#a67f59">></span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
	<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
		<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
	<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
	<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid <span style="color:#a67f59">==</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
	<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
		<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">setsid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//创建一个新的会话</span>
		<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
			<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"setsod"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
			<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
		<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
		<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span>
		<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
			<span style="color:#dd4a68">chdir</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/tmp"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//tmp目录可读可写可执行</span>
			<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">umask</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#a67f59"><</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//重设文件权限掩码</span>
			<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
				<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
			<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
			<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span>
			<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
				<span style="color:#0077aa">for</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getdtablesize</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">++</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
				<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
					<span style="color:#dd4a68">close</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
				<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
			<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
			<span style="color:#0077aa">while</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
			<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
				fp <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">fopen</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"time.log"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"a+"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
				<span style="color:#dd4a68">time</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>t<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
				<span style="color:#dd4a68">fprintf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>fp<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"%s"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">ctime</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>t<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
				<span style="color:#dd4a68">fflush</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>fp<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
				<span style="color:#dd4a68">sleep</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
			<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
		<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
	<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

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