文章目录
进程的概念
在了解进程之前我们需要了解什么是程序,程序就是存放在磁盘上的指令和数据的有序集合(文件),程序是静态的(程序编译好以后指令、数据等就不能再改变)。
进程与程序是密切相关的,进程是操作系统为了执行一个程序分配资源的总称、是程序的一次执行过程,进程相当于程序来说是动态的,包括创建、调度、执行和消亡。当系统执行一个程序时,至少创建了一个进程。
进程内容
进程主要包括代码(正文)、用户程序、系统数据。系统数据有助于操作系统管理进程。系统数据段主要包括进程控制块(PCB Process Control Block)、CPU寄存器值、堆栈。
系统数据段 | 作用 |
---|---|
进程控制块(pcb) | ① 进程标识PID ② 进程用户 ③ 进程状态、优先级 ④文件描述符表 |
寄存器 | 程序计数器PC(program counter)该寄存器保存了程序下一个指令的地址 |
堆栈 | C语言局部变量、函数的参数、返回值都是在栈上创建的 |
进程类型
- 交互进程:在Shell下启动。以在前台运行,也可以在后台运行。(后台运行给指令后加一个‘&’)
- 批处理进程:与在终端无关,被提交到一个作业队列中以便执行
- 守护进程:和终端没有关系,一直在后台运行
进程的状态
- 运行态:进程正在运行,或者准备运行
- 等待态:进程在等待一个事件的发生某种系统资源(分为可中断和不可中断)
- 停止态:进程被终止,收到信号后可继续运行
- 死亡态:已终止的程序,但是pcb没有被释放
- 进程状态图:
Linux下进程的相关命令
查看进程相关信息
终端命令 | 显示结果 |
---|---|
ps -ef | 进程所有者、进程号、父进程号、进程执行时间、程序对应名称 |
ps aux | 相对于ps -ef 还能够显示进程的当前状态(运行态、停止态、前台进程等) |
top | 可以查看进程动态信息(每隔3秒钟统计系统信息)能显示系统最消耗CPU资源的进程 |
/proc目录查看 | 进入该目录下可以查看进程的详细信息 |
注意:使用ps命令都可以配合管道命令进行筛选相关进程信息。
修改进程优先级
命令 | 作用 |
---|---|
nice | 按用户指定优先级运行进程 |
renice | 改变正在运行进程的优先级 |
示例:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#dd4a68">nice</span> -n 2 ./test<span style="color:#708090">#将test进程的nice值设置为2</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">renice</span> -n 2 29070<span style="color:#708090">#将进程号为29070的nice值设置为2</span>
</code></span>
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注意:进程的nice值默认是0,范围为- 20~20,nice值越小则优先级越高。普通用户设置的nice值只能为0 ~ 20,且只能增加nice值
前后台进程切换
命令 | 作用 |
---|---|
jobs | 查看后台进程(作业) |
bg | 将挂起的进程在后台运行 |
fg | 把后台运行的进程放到前台运行 |
进程相关函数
创建进程——fork
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
pid_t <span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">void</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//pid_t 等价与有符号整型</span>
</code></span>
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- 创建新的进程,失败返回-1
- 创建成功时,父进程返回子进程的进程号,子进程返回0
- 通过fork()的返回值来区分父子进程
示例:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"fork"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//创建失败,打印错误信息</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">return</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">==</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"child prosess:my pid is %d\n"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//创建子进程,返回子进程的pid号</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"parent process:my pid is %d\n"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//打印父进程的进程号</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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父子进程
- 子进程继承了父进程的内容(几乎赋值了父进程的全部内容,但是pid、ppid不同)
- 父子进程有独立的地址空间,互不影响
- 若父进程先结束
- 子进程成为孤儿进程,被init进程收养
- 子进程变成后台进程
- 若子进程先结束
- 父进程如果没有及时回收,子进程变成僵尸进程
注意:
1. 子进程是从fork函数的下一条语句开始执行,并没有执行fork
2. 内核先调用父进程就先执行父进程,先调用子进程就先执行子进程
3. 父进程可以多次调用fork,子进程也可以调用fork创建孙进程(注意进程的回收)
结束进程——exit/_exit/return
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">void</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//用stdlib.h头文件</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">void</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">_exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//用unistd.h头文件</span>
</code></span>
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- 结束当前的进程并将status返回
- exit结束后会刷新流的缓冲区
示例:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">void</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"this process will exit"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//没有换行符只能写到标准输出流的缓冲区,不会在终端显示</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//结束进程,刷新缓冲区的流,因此上条语句会显示在终端上</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"never be discovered"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//不会被打印 </span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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exec函数族
作用
- 进程调用exec函数族执行某个程序
- 进程当前内容被指定程序替换
- 实现父子进程执行不同程序
- 父进程创建子进程
- 父进程调用exec函数族
- 父进程不受影响
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execl</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>path<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...传递给执行的程序的参数列表</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execlp</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>file<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...传递给执行的程序的参数列表</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execv</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>path<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> argv<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...封装成指针数组的形式</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">execvp</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span><span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>file<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> argv<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//arg...封装成指针数组的形式 </span>
</code></span>
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- 成功时返回指定程序;失败时返回EOF
- path执行的程序名称,包含路径
- file执行程序的名称,在PATH中查找
示例:
执行ls命令,显示/etc目录下所有文件的详细信息
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c">方式<span style="color:#986801">1</span>:execl
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execl</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/bin/ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-a"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-l"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/etc"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">NULL</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#708090">//一定要以NULL结尾,并判断函数是否执行成功</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execl"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
方式<span style="color:#986801">2</span>:execlp
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execl</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-a"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-l"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/etc"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">NULL</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#708090">//会自动在PATH路劲搜索</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execl"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
方式<span style="color:#986801">3</span>:execv
<span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-a"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"-l"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/etc"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">NULL</span><span style="color:#999999">}</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//将要传递的参数放在数组中</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execv</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/bin/ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execv"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
方式<span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span>execvp
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">execvp</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"ls"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>arg<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"execvp"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//会自动在PATH路径中搜索</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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system函数
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">system</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">const</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">char</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>command<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>
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- 成功时返回command的返回值;失败时返回EOF(自动创建一个子进程,子进程执行命令)
- 当前进程(父进程)等待command执行结束后才继续执行。
进程回收——wait/waitpid
- 子进程结束时由父进程回收
- 孤儿进程由init进程回收
- 若孤儿进程没有回收会出现僵尸进程
回收函数——wait:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
pid_t <span style="color:#dd4a68">wait</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>
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- 成功时返回回收子进程的进程号;失败时返回EOF
- 若子进程没有结束,父进程一直阻塞
- 若有多个子进程,那个进程先结束就先回收
- status指定保存子进程返回值和结束方式的地址
- status为NULL表示直接释放子进程PCB,不接收返回值
示例:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//接收返回值以及返回方式</span>
pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//接收fork的返回值</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"fork"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#a67f59">==</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">sleep</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//如果是子进程睡眠一秒</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//退出子进程</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">wait</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//等待子进程结束</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">printf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"%x\n"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>status<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//打印输出结果</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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- 子进程通过exit/_exit/return返回某个值(0~255)
- 父进程通过调用wait(&status)回收
宏标识符 | 作用 |
---|---|
WIFEXITED(status) | 判断子进程是否正常结束 |
WEXITSTATUS(status) | 获得子进程的返回值 |
WIFSIGNALED(status) | 判断子进程是否被信号结束 |
WTERMSIG(status) | 获取结束子进程的信号类型 |
回收函数——wait_pid:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span><span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
pid_t <span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> status<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> option<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>
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- 成功时返回回收子进程的pid或0;失败(如:没有子线程)返回EOF
- pid可用于指定回收那个子进程或任意子进程
- status指定用于保存子进程的返回值和结束方式的地址
- option指定回收方式,0(阻塞的方式,等待子进程结束)或WNOHANG(非阻塞)
示例:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//指定进程的进程号,阻塞方式</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span>WNOHABG<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//子进程结束返回子进程的进程号,没有结束返回0</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//-1表示回收任意一个子进程,等价于wait</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">waitpid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>status<span style="color:#999999">,</span>WNOHANG<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//非阻塞的方式回收任意进程</span>
</code></span>
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守护进程
守护进程(Daemon)是Linux三种类型之一,通常在系统启动时运行,系统结束时关闭,Linux系统中大量使用,很多服务程序就是以守护进程形式运行。
Linux以会话(session)、进程组的方式管理进程,每个进程就属于一个进程组。而会话是一个或者多个进程组的集合。通常用户打开一个终端时,系统会创建一个临时会话,所有通过该终端运行的进程都属于这个会话。终端关闭时,所有进程会被结束。那么我们要使得守护进程与终端无关,当终端关闭的时候守护进程依旧可以运行。
守护进程特点
- 始终在后台运行
- 独立于任何终端
- 周期性的执行某种任务或等待处理特定事件
守护进程的创建
1. 创建子进程,父进程退出
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59">></span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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- 子进程变成孤儿进程,被init进程收养
- 子进程在后台运行,但是依旧和终端相关联
2. 子进程创建新会话
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">setsid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//通过setsid创建一个新的会话</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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- 子进程成为新的会话组长
- 子进程脱离原先的终端
3. 更改当前工作目录
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#dd4a68">chdir</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">chdir</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/tmp"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//所有用户可读可写可执行</span>
</code></span>
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- 守护进程一直在后台运行,其工作目录不能被卸载
- 重新设定当前工作目录cwd
4. 重设文件权限掩码
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">umask</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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- 文件权限掩码设置为0
- 只影响当前进程
5. 关闭打开的文件描述符
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> i<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">for</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getdtablesize</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">++</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//文件描述符最小就是0。getdtablesize()返回当前进程打开最大文件数</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">close</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>
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- 关闭所有从父进程继承的打开文件
- 已脱离终端,stdin/stdout/stderr无法再使用
示例:
创建守护进程,没隔1秒将系统时间写入文件time.log
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-c"><span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><string.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><strings.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><unistd.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#986801">#<span style="color:#0077aa">include</span> <span style="color:#50a14f"><time.h></span></span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">main</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
pid_t pid<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
FILE <span style="color:#a67f59">*</span>fp<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
time_t t<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">int</span> i<span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">fork</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"fork"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid <span style="color:#a67f59">></span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span> <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>pid <span style="color:#a67f59">==</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">setsid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#a67f59"><</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//创建一个新的会话</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">perror</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"setsod"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">chdir</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"/tmp"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span><span style="color:#708090">//tmp目录可读可写可执行</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">if</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">umask</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#a67f59"><</span> <span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#708090">//重设文件权限掩码</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">exit</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">else</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">for</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">=</span><span style="color:#986801">0</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59"><</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">getdtablesize</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>i<span style="color:#a67f59">++</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">close</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>i<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">while</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#999999">{</span>
fp <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> <span style="color:#dd4a68">fopen</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"time.log"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"a+"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">time</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>t<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">fprintf</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>fp<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"%s"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#dd4a68">ctime</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#a67f59">&</span>t<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">fflush</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>fp<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#dd4a68">sleep</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>