我们在用C/C++语言写程序的时侯，内存管理的绝大部分工作都是需要我们来做的。实际上，内存管理是一个比较繁琐的工作，无论你多高明，经验多丰富，难免会在此处犯些小错误，而通常这些错误又是那么的浅显而易于消除。但是手工“除虫”（debug），往往是效率低下且让人厌烦的，本文将就"段错误"这个内存访问越界的错误谈谈如何快速定位这些"段错误"的语句。
下面将就以下的一个存在段错误的程序介绍几种调试方法：
| 1 dummy_function (void) 2 { 3 unsigned char *ptr = 0x00; 4 *ptr = 0x00; 5 } 6 7 int main (void) 8 { 9 dummy_function (); 10 11 return 0; 12 } |
| xiaosuo@gentux test $ ./a.out 段错误 |
1.利用gdb逐步查找段错误:
这种方法也是被大众所熟知并广泛采用的方法，首先我们需要一个带有调试信息的可执行程序，所以我们加上“-g -rdynamic"的参数进行编译，然后用gdb调试运行这个新编译的程序,具体步骤如下:
| xiaosuo@gentux test $ gcc -g -rdynamic d.c xiaosuo@gentux test $ gdb ./a.out GNU gdb 6.5 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/libthread_db.so.1". (gdb) r Starting program: /home/xiaosuo/test/a.out Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0x08048524 in dummy_function () at d.c:4 4 *ptr = 0x00; (gdb) |
从这里我们还发现进程是由于收到了SIGSEGV信号而结束的。通过进一步的查阅文档(man 7 signal)，我们知道SIGSEGV默认handler的动作是打印”段错误"的出错信息，并产生Core文件，由此我们又产生了方法二。
2.分析Core文件：
Core文件是什么呢？
| The default action of certain signals is to cause a process to terminate and produce a core dump file, a disk file containing an image of the process's memory at the time of termination. A list of the signals which cause a process to dump core can be found in signal(7). |
| xiaosuo@gentux test $ ulimit -c 0 xiaosuo@gentux test $ ulimit -c 1000 xiaosuo@gentux test $ ulimit -c 1000 xiaosuo@gentux test $ ./a.out 段错误 (core dumped) xiaosuo@gentux test $ ls a.out core d.c f.c g.c pango.c test_iconv.c test_regex.c |
| xiaosuo@gentux test $ gdb ./a.out core GNU gdb 6.5 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/libthread_db.so.1". warning: Can't read pathname for load map: 输入/输出错误. Reading symbols from /lib/libc.so.6...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/libc.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2 Core was generated by `./a.out'. Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault. #0 0x08048524 in dummy_function () at d.c:4 4 *ptr = 0x00; |
接着考虑下去，以前用windows系统下的ie的时侯，有时打开某些网页，会出现“运行时错误”，这个时侯如果恰好你的机器上又装有windows的编译器的话，他会弹出来一个对话框，问你是否进行调试，如果你选择是，编译器将被打开，并进入调试状态，开始调试。
Linux下如何做到这些呢？我的大脑飞速地旋转着，有了，让它在SIGSEGV的handler中调用gdb，于是第三个方法又诞生了:
3.段错误时启动调试:
| #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <signal.h> #include <string.h> void dump(int signo) { char buf[1024]; char cmd[1024]; FILE *fh; snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/proc/%d/cmdline", getpid()); if(!(fh = fopen(buf, "r"))) exit(0); if(!fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fh)) exit(0); fclose(fh); if(buf[strlen(buf) - 1] == '\n') buf[strlen(buf) - 1] = '\0'; snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "gdb %s %d", buf, getpid()); system(cmd); exit(0); } void dummy_function (void) { unsigned char *ptr = 0x00; *ptr = 0x00; } int main (void) { signal(SIGSEGV, &dump); dummy_function (); return 0; } |
| xiaosuo@gentux test $ gcc -g -rdynamic f.c xiaosuo@gentux test $ ./a.out GNU gdb 6.5 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/libthread_db.so.1". Attaching to program: /home/xiaosuo/test/a.out, process 9563 Reading symbols from /lib/libc.so.6...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/libc.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2 0xffffe410 in __kernel_vsyscall () (gdb) bt #0 0xffffe410 in __kernel_vsyscall () #1 0xb7ee4b53 in waitpid () from /lib/libc.so.6 #2 0xb7e925c9 in strtold_l () from /lib/libc.so.6 #3 0x08048830 in dump (signo=11) at f.c:22 #4 <signal handler called> #5 0x0804884c in dummy_function () at f.c:31 #6 0x08048886 in main () at f.c:38 |
以上方法都是在系统上有gdb的前提下进行的，如果没有呢？其实glibc为我们提供了此类能够dump栈内容的函数簇，详见/usr/include/execinfo.h（这些函数都没有提供man page，难怪我们找不到），另外你也可以通过 gnu的手册进行学习。
4.利用backtrace和objdump进行分析:
重写的代码如下:
| #include <execinfo.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <signal.h> /* A dummy function to make the backtrace more interesting. */ void dummy_function (void) { unsigned char *ptr = 0x00; *ptr = 0x00; } void dump(int signo) { void *array[10]; size_t size; char **strings; size_t i; size = backtrace (array, 10); strings = backtrace_symbols (array, size); printf ("Obtained %zd stack frames.\n", size); for (i = 0; i < size; i++) printf ("%s\n", strings[i]); free (strings); exit(0); } int main (void) { signal(SIGSEGV, &dump); dummy_function (); return 0; } |
| xiaosuo@gentux test $ gcc -g -rdynamic g.c xiaosuo@gentux test $ ./a.out Obtained 5 stack frames. ./a.out(dump+0x19) [0x80486c2] [0xffffe420] ./a.out(main+0x35) [0x804876f] /lib/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xe6) [0xb7e02866] ./a.out [0x8048601] |
| xiaosuo@gentux test $ objdump -d a.out |
| 8048765: e8 02 fe ff ff call 804856c <signal@plt> 804876a: e8 25 ff ff ff call 8048694 <dummy_function> 804876f: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 8048774: c9 leave |
后记:
本文给出了分析"段错误"的几种方法,不要认为这是与孔乙己先生的"回"字四种写法一样的哦,因为每种方法都有其自身的适用范围和适用环境,请酌情使用,或遵医嘱。
扫一扫
242
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
