Linux 2.6.31内核优化指南

Linux 2.6.31内核优化指南

作者：Ken Wu

Email: ken.wug@gmail.com

转载本文档请注明原文链接 http://kenwublog.com/docs/linux-kernel-2-6-31-optimization.htm！



介绍

本文档是一篇关于Linux Kernel 2.6.31的最简优化指南。作者旨在编译一份性能最佳且适合普通Application/Server开发用的内核。(非生产环境)
本文提及的内核调优，主要是通过选择最佳编译选项，删除无用驱动，减少内核尺寸，关闭部分安全特性等方式来进行的。

优化后的效果，主要体现在OS启动时间，启动后的内存占用以及应用程序运行性能。

由于作者水平有限，如果描述错误，还请不吝指教。



运行环境

虚拟机
Virtualbox 3.1.4

CPU
Core 2 Duo P9500 2.53G 双核 开启 vt-x, APIC

磁盘
虚拟 10G的SATA磁盘

内存
分了1G物理内存

网卡
虚拟 AMD PCNet32 100M

其他
USB，串口，显卡，声卡全关


作者是在虚拟机中编译的内核，如果你与作者的运行环境不同，则本文档中的部分描述可能会与你的实际情况有一定出入。

不过，相信大部分用户在看到选项释义时，能做出适合自己的选择。



说明

下列选项中，通过 "// " 注释的行，代表金国步写的内核选项简介中未提及的选项释义。

通过红色 "<===" 注释的行，代表内核默认开启，本文档推荐关闭的选项，释义部分会给出关闭的理由。



参考资料

金国步写的内核选项简介

Linux Kernel Database

Linuxsir BBS



优化前后性能对比

项目
优化前
优化后

内核尺寸
4.1M
1.6M

启动时间（含dhcp+默认init service）
22s
14s

启动后的内存占用
25M
22M

APP SPEC测试成绩
待测
待测




General setup --->

[ ] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers <=== 显示尚在开发中或尚未完成的代码和驱动. 我不是内核或驱动开发人员。

() Local version - append to kernel release

[ ] Automatically append version information to the version string

Kernel compression mode (Bzip2) ---> <=== 对比默认的Gzip，Bzip2拥有更高的压缩比

[*] Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap)

[*] System V IPC

[*] BSD Process Accounting

[ ] BSD Process Accounting version 3 file format

[ ] Export task/process statistics through netlink (EXPERIMENTAL) <=== 体验类选项一律关

[ ] Auditing support <=== 给SELinux提供支持。我的使用场景主要是开发应用程序，不需要那么高的安全性，另外安全总是以牺牲性能为代价

RCU Subsystem ---> // 非对称读写锁系统 是一种新的kernel锁机制，适用于读多写少环境

RCU Implementation (Classic RCU) ---> <=== 选择标准的RCU系统， tree-base是给拥有大规模CPU集群的SMP系统用的

< > Kernel .config support

(18) Kernel log buffer size (16 => 64KB, 17 => 128KB)

[] Control Group support ---><=== cgroups支持，文档资料，cgroups主要作用是给进程分组，并可以动态调控进程组的CPU占用率。比如A进程分到apple组，给予20%CPU占用率，E进程分easy组，给予50%CPU占用率，最高100%。我目前没有此类应用场景，用到时会选择将其编译进去。

[] Kernel->user space relay support (formerly relayfs) <=== 在某些文件系统上(比如debugfs)提供从内核空间向用户空间传递大量数据的接口，我目前没有此类应用场景

-*- Namespaces support

[] UTS namespace <=== 我没有已安装的应用程序要用到 UTS ns

[] IPC namespace <=== 我没有已安装的应用程序要用到 IPC ns

[] Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support <=== 用于在真正内核装载前，做一些操作（俗称两阶段启动），比如加载module，mount一些非root分区，提供灾难恢复shell环境等，资料，我是期望直接从kernel image直接启动，所以没选它

[*] Optimize for size

[ ] Configure standard kernel features (for small systems) --->

-*- Load all symbols for debugging/ksymoops

[ ] Do an extra kallsyms pass <=== 除非你在kallsyms中发现了bug并需要报告这个bug才打开该选项

Performance Counters --->

[*] Kernel Performance Counters // CPU 性能监听器，包括 CPU同一时间执行指令数，cache miss数，分支预测失败次数(Branch misprediction)。调优其他程序时或许会用到，比如JVM

[ ] Strip assembler-generated symbols during link

[ ] Disable heap randomization

Choose SLAB allocator (SLUB (Unqueued Allocator)) --->

[ ] Profiling support (EXPERIMENTAL) <=== 我不是内核开发人员，不需要profile内核

[] Activate markers <=== 一种运行时状态分析诊断工具，类似 instrumentation，资料，我用不到

[ ] Kprobes <=== 我不是内核开发人员，不需要调试内核

GCOV-based kernel profiling --->

[ ] Enable gcov-based kernel profiling



[*] Enable loadable module support ---> // 我很少使用dynamic module loading，所以，下面的选项只留一个unloading即可（默认）

--- Enable loadable module support

[ ] Forced module loading

[*] Module unloading

[ ] Module versioning support

[ ] Source checksum for all modules



-*- Enable the block layer --->

--- Enable the block layer

[*] Support for large (2TB+) block devices and files // 大硬盘支持，SATA设备如果不选，会发生 kernel panic，具体原因未知

[ ] Block layer SG support v4 <=== 支持通用scsi块设备第4版，我用的是SATA

[ ] Block layer data integrity support

IO Schedulers ---> // IO调度器支持，不同程序可以会选用不同的调度策略，这里我们不要动他

<*> Anticipatory I/O scheduler

<*> Deadline I/O scheduler

<*> CFQ I/O scheduler

Default I/O scheduler (CFQ) --->



Processor type and features --->

[*] Tickless System (Dynamic Ticks) // CPU节能，动态时间片意思是当CPU处于空闲时，降低内核定时器的轮询频率

[*] High Resolution Timer Support // 我有的时候要测试 Real Time JVM，希望内核能支持这种高响应速度的内核定时器，一般用户可关闭

[*] Symmetric multi-processing support

[ ] Support sparse irq numbering <=== 如果你想支持大量CPU，又想使用较低的内核内存占用，请启用它。我只有单块CPU

[*] Enable MPS table // 让多核/多CPU系统支持ACPI

[ ] Support for big SMP systems with more than 8 CPUs

[ ] Support for extended (non-PC) x86 platforms <=== 我是X86平台，不需要再支持其他平台

[*] Single-depth WCHAN output // 跟 proc 相关的最好不要关

[ ] Paravirtualized guest support --->

--- Paravirtualized guest support

[ ] Memtest

Processor family (Core 2/newer Xeon) ---> <=== 这里请选择对应的CPU，我是 core 2 duo

[ ] Generic x86 support <=== 通用x86支持, 如果你的CPU能够在上述"Processor family"中找到就别选了

[*] HPET Timer Support

(4) Maximum number of CPUs <=== 我的CPU是双核，算上超线程HT最多虚拟4颗逻辑CPU，所以我选4 ，默认是8

[*] SMT (Hyperthreading) scheduler support

[*] Multi-core scheduler support

Preemption Model (Voluntary Kernel Preemption (Server)) ---> <=== 这里我选择了Server，它最贴近我的使用场景

[*] Reroute for broken boot IRQs // 防止同时收到多个boot IRQ(中断)时，系统混乱

[*] Machine Check Exception

[ ] Use legacy machine check code (will go away)

[*] Intel MCE features

[ ] AMD MCE features <=== 我是intel CPU

[ ] Support for old Pentium 5 / WinChip machine checks

< > Machine check injector support

< > Toshiba Laptop support

< > Dell laptop support

[ ] Enable X86 board specific fixups for reboot <=== 修正某些旧x86主板的重起bug,这种主板基本绝种了

<*> /dev/cpu/microcode - microcode support

[*] Intel microcode patch loading support

[ ] AMD microcode patch loading support <=== 我是intel CPU

<*> /dev/cpu/*/msr - Model-specific register support

<*> /dev/cpu/*/cpuid - CPU information support

< > /sys/kernel/debug/x86/cpu/* - CPU Debug support

High Memory Support (4GB) --->

(4096) Low address space to protect from user allocation

[*] Allocate 3rd-level pagetables from highmem <=== 在内存很多(大于4G)的机器上将用户空间的页表放到高位内存区,以节约宝贵的低端内存 ，我只虚拟了1G

[ ] Check for low memory corruption <=== 低位内存脏数据检查，默认是每60秒检查一次。一般这种脏数据是因某些Bios处理不当引起的。资料链接。我信任我目前的虚拟bios版本

[] Reserve low 64K of RAM on AMI/Phoenix BIOSen <=== 我不是 AMI/Phoenix BIOS

[ ] Math emulation

[ ] MTRR (Memory Type Range Register) support <=== 我没用 X windows

[ ] MTRR cleanup support

[ ] x86 PAT support <=== 我没用 X windows

[ ] EFI runtime service support <=== 我机器是BIOS引导的，用不到EFI(Extensible Firmware Interface)，如果你有兴趣体验EFI，可以在Virtualbox中开启

[] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode <=== 只有嵌入式系统可以不选

[ ] Enable -fstack-protector buffer overflow detection (EXPERIMENTAL)

Timer frequency (300 HZ) ---> <=== Server场景建议设为300hz，减少内核事件响应速度，提高程序吞吐量，桌面场景可以保持不变

[ ] kexec system call <=== 我没有运行时替换内核的需求

[ ] kernel crash dumps <=== 内核崩溃时，dump运行时信息。就算crash了，我也不会去调试内核的core dump

[ ] Build a relocatable kernel <=== 官方说明 （建立一个移动的内核，并增加10%的内核尺寸，运行时会被丢弃），我认为没实质性的作用

(0x1000000) Physical address where the kernel is loaded

[] Support for hot-pluggable CPUs <=== 热拔插CPU，我用不到

[ ] Compat VDSO support

[ ] Built-in kernel command line



Power management and ACPI options --->

[*] Power Management support

[ ] Power Management Debug Support <=== 不想调试ACPI

[ ] Verbose Power Management debugging

[ ] Suspend to RAM and standby <=== 我是用来跑server，一般不需要待机

[ ] Hibernation (aka 'suspend to disk') <=== 我是用来跑server，一般不需要休眠

[*] ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) Support --->

[*] Deprecated /proc/acpi files

[*] Deprecated power /proc/acpi directories

[*] Future power /sys interface

[*] Deprecated /proc/acpi/event support

< > AC Adapter <=== 我不需要从AC与Battery之间做切换

< > Battery <=== 没有电池

< > Button <=== 没有Fn快捷键

-*- Video

<*> Fan

<*> Processor

<*> Thermal Zone

(0) Disable ACPI for systems before Jan 1st this year

[ ] Debug Statements

< > PCI slot detection driver

< > Smart Battery System

CPU Frequency scaling --->

[*] CPU Frequency scaling

[ ] Enable CPUfreq debugging <=== 我不需要调试 CPUfreq

< > CPU frequency translation statistics

Default CPUFreq governor (performance) ---> <=== 默认用 performance高性能的CPU调频方式

<*> 'performance' governor

< > 'powersave' governor

<> 'userspace' governor for userspace frequency scaling <=== 既允许手动调整cpu频率,也允许用户空间的程序动态的调整cpu频率(需要额外的调频软件,比如cpufreqd) 我只用 performance

<> 'ondemand' cpufreq policy governor <=== "周期性的考察CPU负载并自动的动态调整cpu频率"，我只用 performance

<> 'conservative' cpufreq governor

*** CPUFreq processor drivers ***

<*> ACPI Processor P-States driver

< > AMD Mobile K6-2/K6-3 PowerNow!

< > AMD Mobile Athlon/Duron PowerNow!

< > AMD Opteron/Athlon64 PowerNow!

< > Cyrix MediaGX/NatSemi Geode Suspend Modulation

< > Intel Enhanced SpeedStep (deprecated)

< > Intel Speedstep on ICH-M chipsets (ioport interface)

< > Intel Pentium 4 clock modulation

< > Transmeta LongRun

< > VIA Cyrix III Longhaul



Bus options (PCI etc.) --->

[*] PCI support

PCI access mode (Any) --->

[*] PCI Express support

[*] Root Port Advanced Error Reporting support // 硬件驱动会负责发送错误信息

[ ] PCI Express ECRC settings control

< > PCIE AER error injector support

[*] Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI and MSI-X)

[ ] Enable deprecated pci_find_* API

[ ] PCI Debugging

< > PCI Stub driver

[*] Interrupts on hypertransport devices

[ ] PCI IOV support

[ ] ISA support

[ ] MCA support

< > NatSemi SCx200 support

[ ] One Laptop Per Child support

< > PCCard (PCMCIA/CardBus) support ---> <=== 一般笔记本电脑会配备PCCard接口(无线网卡之类的)，看你的硬件和使用场景吧。虽然我也是NB，但我从来不用PCMCIA

< > Support for PCI Hotplug ---> <=== 我没有要热拔插PCI设备的需求



Executable file formats / Emulations --->

[*] Kernel support for ELF binaries

[*] Write ELF core dumps with partial segments

< > Kernel support for a.out and ECOFF binaries

<*> Kernel support for MISC binaries



[*] Networking support --->

Networking options --->

<*> Packet socket

[*] Packet socket: mmapped IO

<*> Unix domain sockets

<*> Transformation user configuration interface

< > PF_KEY sockets

[*] TCP/IP networking

[*] IP: multicasting

[*] IP: advanced router

Choose IP: FIB lookup algorithm (choose FIB_HASH if unsure) (FIB_HASH) --->

[*] IP: policy routing

[*] IP: equal cost multipath

[*] IP: verbose route monitoring

[ ] IP: kernel level autoconfiguration <=== 我很少用网络引导OS，内核级别的网络配置对我无用。

[ ] IP: DHCP support

[ ] IP: BOOTP support

[ ] IP: RARP support

< > IP: tunneling

< > IP: GRE tunnels over IP

[*] IP: multicast routing

[*] IP: PIM-SM version 1 support

[*] IP: PIM-SM version 2 support

[ ] IP: ARP daemon support

[ ] IP: TCP syncookie support (disabled per default) <=== 抵抗SYN flood攻击，我是开发机，暂不考虑安全特性

< > IP: AH transformation

< > IP: ESP transformation

< > IP: IPComp transformation

< > IP: IPsec transport mode

< > IP: IPsec tunnel mode

< > IP: IPsec BEET mode

[*] Large Receive Offload (ipv4/tcp)

< > INET: socket monitoring interface

[ ] TCP: advanced congestion control ---> <=== 高级拥塞控制,如果没有特殊需求(比如无线网络)就别选了

< > The IPv6 protocol ---> <=== 我暂时没有要支持IPV6的需求

[ ] NetLabel subsystem support <=== NetLabel子系统, 为诸如CIPSO与RIPSO之类能够在分组信息上添加标签的协议提供支持，我用不到

[ ] Security Marking <=== 对网络包进行安全标记,类似于nfmark,但主要是为安全目的而设计, 安全特性，我暂时不考虑

[ ] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter) ---> <=== 我不打算使用防火墙，要用到时再编译进去

< > Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

< > 802.1d Ethernet Bridging

< > 802.1Q VLAN Support

< > DECnet Support

< > ANSI/IEEE 802.2 LLC type 2 Support

< > The IPX protocol

< > Appletalk protocol support

< > Phonet protocols family

[ ] QoS and/or fair queueing ---> <=== 通过IPRoute切换网络设备上的Qos策略，我不打算使用IP路由

[ ] Data Center Bridging support

Network testing --->

[ ] Amateur Radio support ---> <=== 我没有无线电

< > CAN bus subsystem support --->

< > IrDA (infrared) subsystem support --->

< > Bluetooth subsystem support --->

[ ] Wireless ---> <=== 我没有使用无线网卡

< > RF switch subsystem support ---> <=== 我没有RF切换设备



Device Drivers --->

Generic Driver Options --->

(/sbin/hotplug) path to uevent helper

[*] Prevent firmware from being built

-*- Userspace firmware loading support

[*] Include in-kernel firmware blobs in kernel binary

() External firmware blobs to build into the kernel binary

[ ] Driver Core verbose debug messages

[ ] Managed device resources verbose debug messages <=== 管理设备资源的冗长调试信息，我不需要

<*> Connector - unified userspace <-> kernelspace linker --->// 内核空间与用户空间的信道

[*] Report process events to userspace // 报告处理时间给用户空间

< > Memory Technology Device (MTD) support --->

< > Parallel port support --->

-*- Plug and Play support --->

[ ] PNP debugging messages <=== 调试信息，老规矩

[ ] Block devices ---> <=== 我没有想要支持的块设备，比如ramdisk, 磁盘阵列，CD/DVD刻录等，详见内部选项

[ ] Misc devices ---> <=== 没有需要支持的杂项设备

< > ATA/ATAPI/MFM/RLL support --->

SCSI device support --->

< > RAID Transport Class

-*- SCSI device support

[] legacy /proc/scsi/ support <=== 我没有SCSI设备

*** SCSI support type (disk, tape, CD-ROM) ***

<*> SCSI disk support // 就算你用SATA，此选项也必选

< > SCSI tape support

< > SCSI OnStream SC-x0 tape support

<> SCSI CDROM support <=== 我没有SCSI设备

<> SCSI generic support <=== 我没有SCSI设备

< > SCSI media changer support

[ ] Probe all LUNs on each SCSI device

[] Verbose SCSI error reporting (kernel size +=12K) <=== 我没有SCSI设备

[ ] SCSI logging facility

[ ] Asynchronous SCSI scanning

SCSI Transports --->

<> Parallel SCSI (SPI) Transport Attributes <=== 我没有SCSI设备

< > FiberChannel Transport Attributes

< > iSCSI Transport Attributes

< > SAS Domain Transport Attributes

< > SRP Transport Attributes

[ ] SCSI low-level drivers --->

< > SCSI Device Handlers --->

< > OSD-Initiator library

Serial ATA (prod) and Parallel ATA (experimental) drivers --->

[*] ATA ACPI Support

[ ] SATA Port Multiplier support <=== 我只有一枚SATA设备，没有使用多路SATA/SATA Hub 的需求。Port Multiplier是南桥芯片提供的一种支持多块SATA设备，并共享总带宽的技术。

<*> AHCI SATA support

< > Silicon Image 3124/3132 SATA support

[*] ATA SFF support

< > ServerWorks Frodo / Apple K2 SATA support

<*> Intel ESB, ICH, PIIX3, PIIX4 PATA/SATA support // Intel ICH，G系列chipset driver

< > Marvell SATA support

< > NVIDIA SATA support

< > Pacific Digital ADMA support

< > Pacific Digital SATA QStor support

< > Promise SATA TX2/TX4 support

< > Silicon Image SATA support

< > SiS 964/965/966/180 SATA support

< > ULi Electronics SATA support

< > VIA SATA support

< > VITESSE VSC-7174 / INTEL 31244 SATA support

< > Initio 162x SATA support

< > ACPI firmware driver for PATA

< > ALi PATA support

< > AMD/NVidia PATA support <=== 我用的是SATA，取消PATA支持

< > ARTOP 6210/6260 PATA support

< > ATI PATA support

< > CMD64x PATA support

< > CS5510/5520 PATA support

< > CS5530 PATA support

< > CS5536 PATA support

< > EFAR SLC90E66 support

< > Generic ATA support

< > HPT 366/368 PATA support

< > HPT 343/363 PATA support

< > IT8211/2 PATA support

< > JMicron PATA support

< > Compaq Triflex PATA support

< > Marvell PATA support via legacy mode

<> Intel PATA MPIIX support <=== 我用的是SATA，取消PATA支持

< > Intel PATA old PIIX support <=== 我用的是SATA，取消PATA支持

< > NETCELL Revolution RAID support

< > Nat Semi NS87410 PATA support

< > Nat Semi NS87415 PATA support

< > Older Promise PATA controller support

< > PC Tech RZ1000 PATA support

< > SC1200 PATA support

< > SERVERWORKS OSB4/CSB5/CSB6/HT1000 PATA support

< > Promise PATA 2027x support

< > CMD / Silicon Image 680 PATA support

< > SiS PATA support

< > VIA PATA support

< > Winbond SL82C105 PATA support

< > Intel SCH PATA support <=== 我用的是SATA，取消PATA支持

[ ] Multiple devices driver support (RAID and LVM) ---> <=== 暂时没有要使用Raid（磁盘阵列）和LVM（逻辑卷管理器，添加，删除逻辑分区）的需求

[ ] Fusion MPT device support --->

IEEE 1394 (FireWire) support --->

< > I2O device support --->

[ ] Macintosh device drivers ---> <=== Mac系统硬件设备驱动，没什么好说的，关

[*] Network device support --->

< > Dummy net driver support

< > Bonding driver support

< > EQL (serial line load balancing) support

< > Universal TUN/TAP device driver support

< > Virtual ethernet pair device

< > General Instruments Surfboard 1000

< > ARCnet support --->

<> PHY Device support and infrastructure ---> <=== PHY (物理层控制芯片) ，里面没有我对应的硬件

[*] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) --->

-*- Generic Media Independent Interface device support

< > Sun Happy Meal 10/100baseT support

< > Sun GEM support

< > Sun Cassini support

[ ] 3COM cards <=== 我不是3COM网卡

[] "Tulip" family network device support ---> <=== 不是 Tulip 系列

< > HP 10/100VG PCLAN (ISA, EISA, PCI) support

[*] EISA, VLB, PCI and on board controllers

<*> AMD PCnet32 PCI support // 这是我的网卡驱动

< > AMD 8111 (new PCI lance) support

< > Adaptec Starfire/DuraLAN support

< > Broadcom 440x/47xx ethernet support

< > nForce Ethernet support <=== 不是 nForce 网卡

< > Intel(R) PRO/100+ support <=== 不是 Intel 网卡

< > Myson MTD-8xx PCI Ethernet support

< > National Semiconductor DP8381x series PCI Ethernet support

<> PCI NE2000 and clones support (see help) <=== 与NE2000无关

<> RealTek RTL-8129/8130/8139 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support <=== 不是 RealTek 网卡

[ ] Use PIO instead of MMIO

[ ] Support for uncommon RTL-8139 rev. K (automatic channel equalization)

[ ] Support for older RTL-8129/8130 boards

[ ] Use older RX-reset method

< > RDC R6040 Fast Ethernet Adapter support

< > SiS 900/7016 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support

< > SMC EtherPower II

< > SMSC LAN9420 PCI ethernet adapter support

< > Sundance Alta support

< > TI ThunderLAN support

< > Micrel KSZ8842

< > VIA Rhine support

< > Atheros L2 Fast Ethernet support

[] Ethernet (1000 Mbit) ---> <=== 如果你是千M卡，请自行选择

[] Ethernet (10000 Mbit) ---> <=== 如果你是万M卡，请自行选择

<> Token Ring driver support ---> <=== IBM的令牌环网，用以太网的忽略

Wireless LAN --->

*** Enable WiMAX (Networking options) to see the WiMAX drivers ***

USB Network Adapters --->

[ ] Wan interfaces support --->

<> FDDI driver support <=== 光纤卡驱动，相信没几个人能用上这玩意

< > PPP (point-to-point protocol) support

< > SLIP (serial line) support

[ ] Fibre Channel driver support

[ ] ISDN support --->

< > Telephony support --->

Input device support --->

-*- Generic input layer (needed for keyboard, mouse, ...)

-*- Support for memoryless force-feedback devices

<> Polled input device skeleton <=== 一种周期性轮询硬件状态的驱动，去掉后没什么副作用

*** Userland interfaces ***

-*- Mouse interface

[ ] Provide legacy /dev/psaux device

(1024) Horizontal screen resolution

(768) Vertical screen resolution

< > Joystick interface

<> Event interface <=== 将输入设备的事件存储到/dev/input/eventX供应用程序读取，没相关需求

< > Event debugging

*** Input Device Drivers ***

-*- Keyboards --->

[] Mice ---> <=== 我是用纯字符终端，如果你想用X window，请自行选择

[] Joysticks/Gamepads ---> <=== 游戏设备

[] Tablets ---> <=== 平板PC

[] Touchscreens ---> <=== 触摸屏

[] Miscellaneous devices ---> <=== 杂七杂八的驱动，扬声器，笔记本扩展按键等

Hardware I/O ports --->

Character devices --->

-*- Virtual terminal

[] Support for binding and unbinding console drivers // 在某些系统上可以使用多个控制台驱动程序(如framebuffer控制台驱动程序),该选项使得你可以选择其中之一，我一般只用默认的虚拟终端

[] /dev/kmem virtual device support <=== 支持/dev/kmem设备，很少用

[] Non-standard serial port support <=== 我没有非标准的串口设备

Serial drivers --->

< > 8250/16550 and compatible serial support <=== 兼容一些老式的串口设备，我一般不用

*** Non-8250 serial port support ***

< > Digi International NEO PCI Support

-*- Unix98 PTY support

[ ] Support multiple instances of devpts

[ ] Legacy (BSD) PTY support

< > IPMI top-level message handler --->

<*> Hardware Random Number Generator Core support

< > Timer IOMEM HW Random Number Generator support

<*> Intel HW Random Number Generator support

<> AMD HW Random Number Generator support <=== 我是intel主板

< > AMD Geode HW Random Number Generator support <=== 我是intel主板

<> VIA HW Random Number Generator support <=== 我是intel主板

<> /dev/nvram support <=== 直接存取CMOS，太危险，关

< > Siemens R3964 line discipline

< > Applicom intelligent fieldbus card support

< > ACP Modem (Mwave) support

< > NatSemi PC8736x GPIO Support

< > NatSemi Base GPIO Support

< > AMD CS5535/CS5536 GPIO (Geode Companion Device)

< > RAW driver (/dev/raw/rawN)

[*] HPET - High Precision Event Timer

[ ] Allow mmap of HPET

< > Hangcheck timer

-*- I2C support ---> // 感知硬件状态，比如温度，风扇转速

[ ] SPI support --->

PPS support --->

[ ] GPIO Support --->

< > Dallas's 1-wire support --->

-*- Power supply class support --->

<*> Hardware Monitoring support --->

-*- Generic Thermal sysfs driver --->

[*] Watchdog Timer Support --->

Sonics Silicon Backplane --->

Multifunction device drivers --->

[ ] Voltage and Current Regulator Support --->

< > Multimedia support --->

Graphics support --->

<> /dev/agpgart (AGP Support) ---> <=== 用字符终端的忽略

<> Direct Rendering Manager (XFree86 4.1.0 and higher DRI support) ---> <=== 用字符终端的忽略

<> Lowlevel video output switch controls <=== 用字符终端的忽略

<> Support for frame buffer devices ---> <=== 用字符终端的忽略

[] Backlight & LCD device support ---> <=== 用字符终端的忽略

Display device support --->

Console display driver support --->

[*] Enable Scrollback Buffer in System RAM

(64) Scrollback Buffer Size (in KB)

<> Sound card support ---> <=== 用不到声卡

[] HID Devices ---> <=== 用不到人力工程学设备

[] USB support ---> <=== 这个选项，对于跑物理机建议开启，因为有可能你的键盘是USB的，我是跑虚拟机的，所以关了

< > MMC/SD/SDIO card support --->

< > Sony MemoryStick card support (EXPERIMENTAL) --->

[] LED Support ---> <=== 发光二级管，应该是跟显示器相关的驱动，由于我运行的是虚拟机，所以我选择关闭

[ ] Accessibility support --->

< > InfiniBand support --->

[*] EDAC (Error Detection And Correction) reporting ---> // 硬件故障repoting

<*> Real Time Clock --->

[*] DMA Engine support --->

[ ] Auxiliary Display support --->

< > Userspace I/O drivers --->

TI VLYNQ --->

[ ] Staging drivers --->

[] X86 Platform Specific Device Drivers ---> <=== 一些笔记本的驱动，我没有相关设备



Firmware Drivers --->

< > BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive calls determine boot disk

< > BIOS update support for DELL systems via sysfs

< > Dell Systems Management Base Driver

[*] Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace // 将BIOS里的DMI区信息导出到用户空间，部分系统管理工具可能会用到

[ ] iSCSI Boot Firmware Table Attributes



File systems --->

< > Second extended fs support

<> Ext3 journalling file system support <=== 我使用的是ext4 FS

<*> The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem

[ ] Enable ext4dev compatibility

[*] Ext4 extended attributes

[*] Ext4 POSIX Access Control Lists

[] Ext4 Security Labels <=== 取消 SELinux 支持

[ ] JBD (ext3) debugging support

[ ] JBD2 (ext4) debugging support

< > Reiserfs support

< > JFS filesystem support

< > XFS filesystem support

< > OCFS2 file system support

[*] Dnotify support

[*] Inotify file change notification support

[*] Inotify support for userspace

[] Quota support <=== 磁盘配额支持,限制某个用户或者某组用户的磁盘占用空间，暂时没这个需求，你可以把它编译成模块

< > Kernel automounter support

<*> Kernel automounter version 4 support (also supports v3) <=== 我没有要挂载远程文件系统的需求

< > FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) support

Caches --->

CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems --->

<> ISO 9660 CDROM file system support <=== 在虚拟机内，我不用CDROM

< > UDF file system support

DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems --->

< > MSDOS fs support <=== 我没有微软fs的设备

< > VFAT (Windows-95) fs support <=== 我没有微软fs的设备

< > NTFS file system support

Pseudo filesystems --->

[] Miscellaneous filesystems ---> <=== 如果你没有其他FS的支持需求，关

[] Network File Systems ---> <=== 如果你没有其他NFS的支持需求，关

Partition Types --->

[ ] Advanced partition selection <=== 如果不是和其他系统共存，可以不选

-*- Native language support ---> // 选上Chinese



Kernel hacking --->

[] Show timing information on printks <=== 在printk的输出中包含时间信息,可以用来分析内核启动过程各步骤所用时间 , 我不需要debug内核

[ ] Enable __deprecated logic

[*] Enable __must_check logic

(2048) Warn for stack frames larger than (needs gcc 4.4)

[] Magic SysRq key <=== 一种通过快捷键控制系统方式，除非你非常清楚这个选项，官方不推荐选择

[ ] Enable unused/obsolete exported symbols

-*- Debug Filesystem

[ ] Run 'make headers_check' when building vmlinux

[] Kernel debugging <=== 内核调试，关

[ ] Enable SLUB performance statistics

[] Compile the kernel with frame pointers <=== 还是跟内核开发有关

[ ] Delay each boot printk message by N milliseconds

< > torture tests for RCU

[ ] Check for stalled CPUs delaying RCU grace periods

< > Self test for the backtrace code

[ ] Force extended block device numbers and spread them

[ ] Fault-injection framework

[ ] Latency measuring infrastructure

[*] Sysctl checks

[] Tracers ---> <=== 内核跟踪分析器

[] Remote debugging over FireWire early on boot <=== 启动过程中，允许远程调试内核

[ ] Enable dynamic printk() support

[ ] Enable debugging of DMA-API usage

[ ] Sample kernel code --->

[ ] Filter access to /dev/mem

[] Enable verbose x86 bootup info messages <=== 在内核镜像解压缩阶段输出启动信息，关闭后相当于无声启动(Slient Bootup)

-*- Early printk

[] Early printk via EHCI debug port <=== 允许printk通过EHCI调试端口输出内核日志，调试的一律关

[ ] Use 4Kb for kernel stacks instead of 8Kb

[ ] Enable IOMMU stress-test mode

IO delay type (port 0x80 based port-IO delay [recommended]) --->

[*] Allow gcc to uninline functions marked 'inline'



Security options ---> <=== 安全特性，我选择全关，当然，这些选项不会影响你的日常开发，办公

[] Enable access key retention support <=== 关闭

[] Enable different security models <=== 关闭

[ ] Enable the securityfs filesystem

[] File POSIX Capabilities <=== 关闭

[ ] Integrity Measurement Architecture(IMA)



<*> Cryptographic API ---> // 加密API，这部分选项会根据此前的优化自动调整，默认即可

[] Virtualization ---> <=== 我的系统已经运行在虚拟机中，不需要再支持虚拟化

Library routines ---> // 库子程序，这部分选项会根据此前的优化自动调整，默认即可