Chain, rules, policy,
1. Introduction
CentOS has an extremely powerful firewall built in, commonly referred to as iptables, but more accurately is iptables/netfilter. Iptables is the userspace module, the bit that you, the user, interact with at the command line to enter firewall rules into predefined tables. Netfilter is a kernel module, built into the kernel, that actually does the filtering. There are many GUI front ends for iptables that allow users to add or define rules based on a point and click user interface, but these often lack the flexibility of using the command line interface and limit the users understanding of what's really happening. We're going to learn the command line interface of iptables.
Before we can really get to grips with iptables, we need to have at least a basic understanding of the way it works. Iptables uses the concept of IP addresses, protocols (tcp, udp, icmp) and ports. We don't need to be experts in these to get started (as we can look up any of the information we need), but it helps to have a general understanding.
Iptables places rules into predefined chains (INPUT, OUTPUT and FORWARD) that are checked against any network traffic (IP packets) relevant to those chains and a decision is made about what to do with each packet based upon the outcome of those rules, i.e. accepting or dropping the packet. These actions are referred to as targets, of which the two most common predefined targets are DROP to drop a packet or ACCEPT to accept a packet.
Chains
These are 3 predefined chains in the filter table to which we can add rules for processing IP packets passing through those chains. These chains are:
- INPUT - All packets destined for the host computer.
- OUTPUT - All packets originating from the host computer.
- FORWARD - All packets neither destined for nor originating from the host computer, but passing through (routed by) the host computer. This chain is used if you are using your computer as a router.
For the most part, we are going to be dealing with the INPUT chain to filter packets entering our machine - that is, keeping the bad guys out.
Rules are added in a list to each chain. A packet is checked against each rule in turn, starting at the top, and if it matches that rule, then an action is taken such as accepting (ACCEPT) or dropping (DROP) the packet. Once a rule has been matched and an action taken, then the packet is processed according to the outcome of that rule and isn't processed by further rules in the chain. If a packet passes down through all the rules in the chain and reaches the bottom without being matched against any rule, then the default action for that chain is taken. This is referred to as the default policy and may be set to either ACCEPT or DROP the packet.
The concept of default policies within chains raises two fundamental possibilities that we must first consider before we decide how we are going to organize our firewall.
1. We can set a default policy to DROP all packets and then add rules to specifically allow (ACCEPT) packets that may be from trusted IP addresses, or for certain ports on which we have services running such as bittorrent, FTP server, Web Server, Samba file server etc.
or alternatively,
2. We can set a default policy to ACCEPT all packets and then add rules to specifically block (DROP) packets that may be from specific nuisance IP addresses or ranges, or for certain ports on which we have private services or no services running.
Generally, option 1 above is used for the INPUT chain where we want to control what is allowed to access our machine and option 2 would be used for the OUTPUT chain where we generally trust the traffic that is leaving (originating from) our machine.
2. Getting start
Working with iptables from the command line requires root privileges, so you will need to become root for most things we will be doing.
use su -
And to see if iptables is actually running, we can check that the iptables modules are loaded and use the -L switch to inspect the currently loaded rules:
# lsmod | grep ip_tables ip_tables 29288 1 iptable_filter
# iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT icmp -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere state NEW tcp dpt:ssh REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-host-prohibited Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-host-prohibited Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination
#service iptables status
Note that SSH service is permitted by default.
3. Writing a Simple Rule Set
|
| IMPORTANT: At this point we are going to clear the default rule set. If you are connecting remotely to a server via SSH for this tutorial then there is a very real possibility that you could lock yourself out of your machine. You must set the default input policy to accept before flushing the current rules, and then add a rule at the start to explicitly allow yourself access to prevent against locking yourself out. | |
We will use an example based approach to examine the various iptables commands. In this first example, we will create a very simple set of rules to set up a Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) firewall that will allow all outgoing connections but block all unwanted incoming connections:
# iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT # iptables -F # iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # iptables -P INPUT DROP # iptables -P FORWARD DROP # iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT # iptables -L -v
which should give the following output:
Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo any anywhere anywhere
0 0 ACCEPT all -- any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh
Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Now lets look at each of the 8 commands above in turn and understand exactly what we've just done:
-
iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT If connecting remotely we must first temporarily set the default policy on the INPUT chain to ACCEPT otherwise once we flush the current rules we will be locked out of our server.
-
iptables -F We used the -F switch to flush all existing rules so we start with a clean state from which to add new rules.
-
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT Now it's time to start adding some rules. We use the -A switch to append (or add) a rule to a specific chain, the INPUT chain in this instance. Then we use the -i switch (for interface) to specify packets matching or destined for the lo (localhost, 127.0.0.1) interface and finally -j (jump) to the target action for packets matching the rule - in this case ACCEPT. So this rule will allow all incoming packets destined for the localhost interface to be accepted. This is generally required as many software applications expect to be able to communicate with the localhost adaptor.
-
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT This is the rule that does most of the work, and again we are adding (-A) it to the INPUT chain. Here we're using the -m switch to load a module (state). The state module is able to examine the state of a packet and determine if it is NEW, ESTABLISHED or RELATED. NEW refers to incoming packets that are new incoming connections that weren't initiated by the host system. ESTABLISHED and RELATED refers to incoming packets that are part of an already established connection or related to and already established connection.
-
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT Here we add a rule allowing SSH connections over tcp port 22. This is to prevent accidental lockouts when working on remote systems over an SSH connection. We will explain this rule in more detail later.
-
iptables -P INPUT DROP The -P switch sets the default policy on the specified chain. So now we can set the default policy on the INPUT chain to DROP. This means that if an incoming packet does not match one of the following rules it will be dropped. If we were connecting remotely via SSH and had not added the rule above, we would have just locked ourself out of the system at this point.
-
iptables -P FORWARD DROP Similarly, here we've set the default policy on the FORWARD chain to DROP as we're not using our computer as a router so there should not be any packets passing through our computer.
-
iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT and finally, we've set the default policy on the OUTPUT chain to ACCEPT as we want to allow all outgoing traffic (as we trust our users).
-
iptables -L -v Finally, we can list (-L) the rules we've just added to check they've been loaded correctly.
Finally, the last thing we need to do is save our rules so that next time we reboot our computer our rules are automatically reloaded:
# /sbin/service iptables save
This executes the iptables init script, which runs /sbin/iptables-save and writes the current iptables configuration to /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Upon reboot, the iptables init script reapplies the rules saved in /etc/sysconfig/iptables by using the /sbin/iptables-restore command.
Obviously typing all these commands at the shell can become tedious, so by far the easiest way to work with iptables is to create a simple script to do it all for you. The above commands may be entered into your favourite text editor and saved as myfirewall, for example:
#!/bin/bash # # iptables example configuration script # # Flush all current rules from iptables # iptables -F # # Allow SSH connections on tcp port 22 # This is essential when working on remote servers via SSH to prevent locking yourself out of the system # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # # Set default policies for INPUT, FORWARD and OUTPUT chains # iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT # # Set access for localhost # iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # # Accept packets belonging to established and related connections # iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # # Save settings # /sbin/service iptables save # # List rules # iptables -L -v
Note: We can also comment our script to remind us what were doing.
now make the script executable:
# chmod +x myfirewall
We can now simply edit our script and run it from the shell with the following command:
# ./myfirewall
4. Interfaces
In our previous example, we saw how we could accept all packets incoming on a particular interface, in this case the localhost interface:
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
Suppose we have 2 separate interfaces, eth0 which is our internal LAN connection and ppp0 dialup modem (or maybe eth1 for a nic) which is our external internet connection. We may want to allow all incoming packets on our internal LAN but still filter incoming packets on our external internet connection. We could do this as follows:
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -j ACCEPT
But be very careful - if we were to allow all packets for our external internet interface (for example, ppp0 dialup modem):
iptables -A INPUT -i ppp0 -j ACCEPT
we would have effectively just disabled our firewall!
5. IP Addresses
Opening up a whole interface to incoming packets may not be restrictive enough and you may want more control as to what to allow and what to reject. Lets suppose we have a small network of computers that use the 192.168.0.x private subnet. We can open up our firewall to incoming packets from a single trusted IP address (for example, 192.168.0.4):
# Accept packets from trusted IP addresses iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.4 -j ACCEPT # change the IP address as appropriate
Breaking this command down, we first append (-A) a rule to the INPUT chain for the source (-s) IP address 192.168.0.4 to ACCEPT all packets (also note how we can use the # symbol to add comments inline to document our script with anything after the # being ignored and treated as a comment).
Obviously if we want to allow incoming packets from a range of IP addresses, we could simply add a rule for each trusted IP address and that would work fine. But if we have a lot of them, it may be easier to add a range of IP addresses in one go. To do this, we can use a netmask or standard slash notation to specify a range of IP address. For example, if we wanted to open our firewall to all incoming packets from the complete 192.168.0.x (where x=1 to 254) range, we could use either of the following methods:
# Accept packets from trusted IP addresses iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT # using standard slash notation iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0 -j ACCEPT # using a subnet mask
Finally, as well as filtering against a single IP address, we can also match against the MAC address for the given device. To do this, we need to load a module (the mac module) that allows filtering against mac addresses. Earlier we saw another example of using modules to extend the functionality of iptables when we used the state module to match for ESTABLISHED and RELATED packets. Here we use the mac module to check the mac address of the source of the packet in addition to it's IP address:
# Accept packets from trusted IP addresses iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.4 -m mac --mac-source 00:50:8D:FD:E6:32 -j ACCEPT
First we use -m mac to load the mac module and then we use --mac-source to specify the mac address of the source IP address (192.168.0.4). You will need to find out the mac address of each ethernet device you wish to filter against. Running ifconfig (or iwconfig for wireless devices) as root will provide you with the mac address.
This may be useful for preventing spoofing of the source IP address as it will allow any packets that genuinely originate from 192.168.0.4 (having the mac address 00:50:8D:FD:E6:32) but will block any packets that are spoofed to have come from that address. Note, mac address filtering won't work across the internet but it certainly works fine on a LAN.
6. Ports and Protocols
Above we have seen how we can add rules to our firewall to filter against packets matching a particular interface or a source IP address. This allows full access through our firewall to certain trusted sources (host PCs). Now we'll look at how we can filter against protocols and ports to further refine what incoming packets we allow and what we block.
Before we can begin, we need to know what protocol and port number a given service uses. For a simple example, lets look at bittorrent. Bittorrent uses the tcp protocol on port 6881, so we would need to allow all tcp packets on destination port (the port on which they arrive at our machine) 6881:
# Accept tcp packets on destination port 6881 (bittorrent) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6881 -j ACCEPT
Here we append (-A) a rule to the INPUT chain for packets matching the tcp protocol (-p tcp) and entering our machine on destination port 6881 (--dport 6881).
Note: In order to use matches such as destination or source ports (--dport or --sport), you must first specify the protocol (tcp, udp, icmp, all).
We can also extend the above to include a port range, for example, allowing all tcp packets on the range 6881 to 6890:
# Accept tcp packets on destination ports 6881-6890 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6881:6890 -j ACCEPT
7. Putting It All Together
Now we've seen the basics, we can start combining these rules.
A popular UNIX/Linux service is the secure shell (SSH) service allowing remote logins. By default SSH uses port 22 and again uses the tcp protocol. So if we want to allow remote logins, we would need to allow tcp connections on port 22:
# Accept tcp packets on destination port 22 (SSH) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
This will open up port 22 (SSH) to all incoming tcp connections which poses a potential security threat as hackers could try brute force cracking on accounts with weak passwords. However, if we know the IP addresses of trusted remote machines that will be used to log on using SSH, we can limit access to only these source IP addresses. For example, if we just wanted to open up SSH access on our private lan (192.168.0.x), we can limit access to just this source IP address range:
# Accept tcp packets on destination port 22 (SSH) from private LAN iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.0.0/24 --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
Using source IP filtering allows us to securely open up SSH access on port 22 to only trusted IP addresses. For example, we could use this method to allow remote logins between work and home machines. To all other IP addresses, the port (and service) would appear closed as if the service were disabled so hackers using port scanning methods are likely to pass us by.
8. Summary
We've barely scratched the surface of what can be achieved with iptables, but hopefully this HOWTO has provided a good grounding in the basics from which one may build more complicated rule sets.
9. Links
http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/ch-fw.html
http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/ch-iptables.html
Linux: 20 Iptables Examples For New SysAdmins
inux comes with a host based firewall called Netfilter. According to the official project site:netfilter is a set of hooks inside the Linux kernel that allows kernel modules to register callback functions with the network stack. A registered callback function is then called back for every packet that traverses the respective hook within the network stack.
This Linux based firewall is controlled by the program called iptables to handles filtering for IPv4, and ip6tables handles filtering for IPv6. I strongly recommend that you first read our quick tutorial that explains how to configure a host-based firewall called Netfilter (iptables) under CentOS / RHEL / Fedora / Redhat Enterprise Linux. This post list most common iptables solutions required by a new Linux user to secure his or her Linux operating system from intruders.
IPTABLES Rules Example
- Most of the actions listed in this post are written with the assumption that they will be executed by the root user running the bash or any other modern shell. Do not type commands on remote system as it will disconnect your access.
- For demonstration purpose I've used RHEL 6.x, but the following command should work with any modern Linux distro.
- This is NOT a tutorial on how to set iptables. See tutorial here. It is a quick cheat sheet to common iptables commands.
#1: Displaying the Status of Your Firewall
Type the following command as root:
# iptables -L -n -v
Sample outputs:
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Above output indicates that the firewall is not active. The following sample shows an active firewall:
# iptables -L -n -v
Sample outputs:
Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID
394 43586 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
93 17292 ACCEPT all -- br0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
1 142 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 ACCEPT all -- br0 br0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID
0 0 TCPMSS tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x06/0x02 TCPMSS clamp to PMTU
0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
0 0 wanin all -- vlan2 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 wanout all -- * vlan2 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT all -- br0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 425 packets, 113K bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain wanin (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain wanout (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Where,
- -L : List rules.
- -v : Display detailed information. This option makes the list command show the interface name, the rule options, and the TOS masks. The packet and byte counters are also listed, with the suffix 'K', 'M' or 'G' for 1000, 1,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 multipliers respectively.
- -n : Display IP address and port in numeric format. Do not use DNS to resolve names. This will speed up listing.
#1.1: To inspect firewall with line numbers, enter:
# iptables -n -L -v --line-numbers
Sample outputs:
Chain INPUT (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID 2 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 3 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 4 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 2 DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID 3 TCPMSS tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x06/0x02 TCPMSS clamp to PMTU 4 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 5 wanin all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 6 wanout all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 7 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination Chain wanin (1 references) num target prot opt source destination Chain wanout (1 references) num target prot opt source destination
You can use line numbers to delete or insert new rules into the firewall.
#1.2: To display INPUT or OUTPUT chain rules, enter:
# iptables -L INPUT -n -v
# iptables -L OUTPUT -n -v --line-numbers
#2: Stop / Start / Restart the Firewall
If you are using CentOS / RHEL / Fedora Linux, enter:
# service iptables stop
# service iptables start
# service iptables restart
You can use the iptables command itself to stop the firewall and delete all rules:
# iptables -F
# iptables -X
# iptables -t nat -F
# iptables -t nat -X
# iptables -t mangle -F
# iptables -t mangle -X
# iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
# iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
# iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
Where,
- -F : Deleting (flushing) all the rules.
- -X : Delete chain.
- -t table_name : Select table (called nat or mangle) and delete/flush rules.
- -P : Set the default policy (such as DROP, REJECT, or ACCEPT).
#3: Delete Firewall Rules
To display line number along with other information for existing rules, enter:
# iptables -L INPUT -n --line-numbers
# iptables -L OUTPUT -n --line-numbers
# iptables -L OUTPUT -n --line-numbers | less
# iptables -L OUTPUT -n --line-numbers | grep 202.54.1.1
You will get the list of IP. Look at the number on the left, then use number to delete it. For example delete line number 4, enter:
# iptables -D INPUT 4
OR find source IP 202.54.1.1 and delete from rule:
# iptables -D INPUT -s 202.54.1.1 -j DROP
Where,
- -D : Delete one or more rules from the selected chain
#4: Insert Firewall Rules
To insert one or more rules in the selected chain as the given rule number use the following syntax. First find out line numbers, enter:
# iptables -L INPUT -n --line-numbers
Sample outputs:
Chain INPUT (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 DROP all -- 202.54.1.1 0.0.0.0/0 2 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW,ESTABLISHED
To insert rule between 1 and 2, enter:
# iptables -I INPUT 2 -s 202.54.1.2 -j DROP
To view updated rules, enter:
# iptables -L INPUT -n --line-numbers
Sample outputs:
Chain INPUT (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 DROP all -- 202.54.1.1 0.0.0.0/0 2 DROP all -- 202.54.1.2 0.0.0.0/0 3 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW,ESTABLISHED
#5: Save Firewall Rules
To save firewall rules under CentOS / RHEL / Fedora Linux, enter:
# service iptables save
In this example, drop an IP and save firewall rules:
# iptables -A INPUT -s 202.5.4.1 -j DROP
# service iptables save
For all other distros use the iptables-save command:
# iptables-save > /root/my.active.firewall.rules
# cat /root/my.active.firewall.rules
#6: Restore Firewall Rules
To restore firewall rules form a file called /root/my.active.firewall.rules, enter:
# iptables-restore < /root/my.active.firewall.rules
To restore firewall rules under CentOS / RHEL / Fedora Linux, enter:
# service iptables restart
#7: Set the Default Firewall Policies
To drop all traffic:
# iptables -P INPUT DROP
# iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
# iptables -P FORWARD DROP
# iptables -L -v -n
#### you will not able to connect anywhere as all traffic is dropped ###
# ping cyberciti.biz
# wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/testing/linux-3.2-rc5.tar.bz2
#7.1: Only Block Incoming Traffic
To drop all incoming / forwarded packets, but allow outgoing traffic, enter:
# iptables -P INPUT DROP
# iptables -P FORWARD DROP
# iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -L -v -n
### *** now ping and wget should work *** ###
# ping cyberciti.biz
# wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/testing/linux-3.2-rc5.tar.bz2
#8:Drop Private Network Address On Public Interface
IP spoofing is nothing but to stop the following IPv4 address ranges for private networks on your public interfaces. Packets with non-routable source addresses should be rejected using the following syntax:
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DROP
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
#8.1: IPv4 Address Ranges For Private Networks (make sure you block them on public interface)
- 10.0.0.0/8 -j (A)
- 172.16.0.0/12 (B)
- 192.168.0.0/16 (C)
- 224.0.0.0/4 (MULTICAST D)
- 240.0.0.0/5 (E)
- 127.0.0.0/8 (LOOPBACK)
#9: Blocking an IP Address (BLOCK IP)
To block an attackers ip address called 1.2.3.4, enter:
# iptables -A INPUT -s 1.2.3.4 -j DROP
# iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DROP
#10: Block Incoming Port Requests (BLOCK PORT)
To block all service requests on port 80, enter:
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP
To block port 80 only for an ip address 1.2.3.4, enter:
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 1.2.3.4 --dport 80 -j DROP
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -p tcp -s 192.168.1.0/24 --dport 80 -j DROP
#11: Block Outgoing IP Address
To block outgoing traffic to a particular host or domain such as cyberciti.biz, enter:
# host -t a cyberciti.biz
Sample outputs:
cyberciti.biz has address 75.126.153.206
Note down its ip address and type the following to block all outgoing traffic to 75.126.153.206:
# iptables -A OUTPUT -d 75.126.153.206 -j DROP
You can use a subnet as follows:
# iptables -A OUTPUT -d 192.168.1.0/24 -j DROP
# iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth1 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -j DROP
#11.1: Example - Block Facebook.com Domain
First, find out all ip address of facebook.com, enter:
# host -t a www.facebook.com
Sample outputs:
www.facebook.com has address 69.171.228.40
Find CIDR for 69.171.228.40, enter:
# whois 69.171.228.40 | grep CIDR
Sample outputs:
CIDR: 69.171.224.0/19
To prevent outgoing access to www.facebook.com, enter:
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d 69.171.224.0/19 -j DROP
You can also use domain name, enter:
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d www.facebook.com -j DROP
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d facebook.com -j DROP
From the iptables man page:
... specifying any name to be resolved with a remote query such as DNS (e.g., facebook.com is a really bad idea), a network IP address (with /mask), or a plain IP address ...
#12: Log and Drop Packets
Type the following to log and block IP spoofing on public interface called eth1
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP_SPOOF A: "
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
By default everything is logged to /var/log/messages file.
# tail -f /var/log/messages
# grep --color 'IP SPOOF' /var/log/messages
#13: Log and Drop Packets with Limited Number of Log Entries
The -m limit module can limit the number of log entries created per time. This is used to prevent flooding your log file. To log and drop spoofing per 5 minutes, in bursts of at most 7 entries .
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP_SPOOF A: "
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
#14: Drop or Accept Traffic From Mac Address
Use the following syntax:
# iptables -A INPUT -m mac --mac-source 00:0F:EA:91:04:08 -j DROP
## *only accept traffic for TCP port # 8080 from mac 00:0F:EA:91:04:07 * ##
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 22 -m mac --mac-source 00:0F:EA:91:04:07 -j ACCEPT
#15: Block or Allow ICMP Ping Request
Type the following command to block ICMP ping requests:
# iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j DROP
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j DROP
Ping responses can also be limited to certain networks or hosts:
# iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
The following only accepts limited type of ICMP requests:
### ** assumed that default INPUT policy set to DROP ** #############
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT
## ** all our server to respond to pings ** ##
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
#16: Open Range of Ports
Use the following syntax to open a range of ports:
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 7000:7010 -j ACCEPT
#17: Open Range of IP Addresses
Use the following syntax to open a range of IP address:
## only accept connection to tcp port 80 (Apache) if ip is between 192.168.1.100 and 192.168.1.200 ##
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 80 -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.100-192.168.1.200 -j ACCEPT
## nat example ##
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.1.20-192.168.1.25
#18: Established Connections and Restaring The Firewall
When you restart the iptables service it will drop established connections as it unload modules from the system under RHEL / Fedora / CentOS Linux. Edit, /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config and set IPTABLES_MODULES_UNLOAD as follows:
IPTABLES_MODULES_UNLOAD = no
#19: Help Iptables Flooding My Server Screen
Use the crit log level to send messages to a log file instead of console:
iptables -A INPUT -s 1.2.3.4 -p tcp --destination-port 80 -j LOG --log-level crit
#20: Block or Open Common Ports
The following shows syntax for opening and closing common TCP and UDP ports:
Replace ACCEPT with DROP to block port: ## open port ssh tcp port 22 ## iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT ## open cups (printing service) udp/tcp port 631 for LAN users ## iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT ## allow time sync via NTP for lan users (open udp port 123) ## iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport 123 -j ACCEPT ## open tcp port 25 (smtp) for all ## iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT # open dns server ports for all ## iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT ## open http/https (Apache) server port to all ## iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT ## open tcp port 110 (pop3) for all ## iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 110 -j ACCEPT ## open tcp port 143 (imap) for all ## iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 143 -j ACCEPT ## open access to Samba file server for lan users only ## iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT ## open access to proxy server for lan users only ## iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 3128 -j ACCEPT ## open access to mysql server for lan users only ## iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT
#21: Restrict the Number of Parallel Connections To a Server Per Client IP
You can use connlimit module to put such restrictions. To allow 3 ssh connections per client host, enter:
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport 22 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 3 -j REJECT
Set HTTP requests to 20:
# iptables -p tcp --syn --dport 80 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 20 --connlimit-mask 24 -j DROP
Where,
- --connlimit-above 3 : Match if the number of existing connections is above 3.
- --connlimit-mask 24 : Group hosts using the prefix length. For IPv4, this must be a number between (including) 0 and 32.
#22: HowTO: Use iptables Like a Pro
For more information about iptables, please see the manual page by typing man iptables from the command line:
$ man iptables
You can see the help using the following syntax too:
# iptables -h
To see help with specific commands and targets, enter:
# iptables -j DROP -h
#22.1: Testing Your Firewall
Find out if ports are open or not, enter:
# netstat -tulpn
Find out if tcp port 80 open or not, enter:
# netstat -tulpn | grep :80
If port 80 is not open, start the Apache, enter:
# service httpd start
Make sure iptables allowing access to the port 80:
# iptables -L INPUT -v -n | grep 80
Otherwise open port 80 using the iptables for all users:
# iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
# service iptables save
Use the telnet command to see if firewall allows to connect to port 80:
$ telnet www.cyberciti.biz 80
Sample outputs:
Trying 75.126.153.206... Connected to www.cyberciti.biz. Escape character is '^]'. ^] telnet> quit Connection closed.
You can use nmap to probe your own server using the following syntax:
$ nmap -sS -p 80 www.cyberciti.biz
Sample outputs:
Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-12-13 13:19 IST Interesting ports on www.cyberciti.biz (75.126.153.206): PORT STATE SERVICE 80/tcp open http Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.00 seconds
I also recommend you install and use sniffer such as tcpdupm and ngrep to test your firewall settings.
Conclusion:
This post only list basic rules for new Linux users. You can create and build more complex rules. This requires good understanding of TCP/IP, Linux kernel tuning via sysctl.conf, and good knowledge of your own setup. Stay tuned for next topics:
- Stateful packet inspection.
- Using connection tracking helpers.
- Network address translation.
- Layer 2 filtering.
- Firewall testing tools.
- Dealing with VPNs, DNS, Web, Proxy, and other protocols.
Reference:
http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/Network/IPTables
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-iptables-examples.html
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