由于 SQL Join 似乎被默认为基础,同时利用 ‘文氏图表’ 解释它,乍一看似乎是很自然的选择。然而,就像文章下面说的,我也发现在实际测试中,文氏图并没有完全符合SQL Join 语法。
通过图文并茂的方式对SQL的Join进行简单的介绍:join大致分为以下七种情况:
1准备数据
- DROP TABLE [dbo].[test_a]
- GO
- CREATE TABLE [dbo].[test_a] (
- [id] int NULL ,
- [name] varchar(255) NULL
- )
- GO
- -- ----------------------------
- -- Records of test_a
- -- ----------------------------
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_a] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'1', N'苹果')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_a] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'2', N'橘子')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_a] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'3', N'菠萝')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_a] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'4', N'香蕉')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_a] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'5', N'西瓜')
- GO
- GO
- -----------------------------------------------------------
- DROP TABLE [dbo].[test_b]
- GO
- CREATE TABLE [dbo].[test_b] (
- [id] int NULL ,
- [name] varchar(255) NULL
- )
- GO
- -- ----------------------------
- -- Records of test_b
- -- ----------------------------
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_b] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'1', N'梨子')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_b] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'2', N'苹果')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_b] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'3', N'草莓')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_b] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'4', N'桃子')
- GO
- GO
- INSERT INTO [dbo].[test_b] ([id], [name]) VALUES (N'5', N'香蕉')
- GO
- GO
A.Inner join
产生A和B的交集。
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- test_a
- INNER JOIN test_b ON test_a.name = test_b.name
B. Full outer join
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- test_a
- FULL OUTER JOIN test_b ON test_a.name = test_b.name
C.Left outer join
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- test_a
- LEFT OUTER JOIN test_b ON test_a.name = test_b.name
D. Left outer join on where
产生在A表中有而在B表中没有的集合。
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- test_a
- LEFT OUTER JOIN test_b ON test_a.name = test_b.name
- WHERE
- test_b.name IS NULL
E. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- test_a
- RIGHT OUTER JOIN test_b ON test_a.name = test_b.name
F. right outer join on where
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- test_a
- RIGHT OUTER JOIN test_b ON test_a.name = test_b.name
- WHERE
- test_a.name IS NULL
G. FULL OUTER JOIN WHERE
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- test_a
- FULL OUTER JOIN test_b ON test_a.name = test_b.name
- WHERE
- test_a.name IS NULL
- OR test_b.name IS NULL
H. cross join
使用join连表,缺陷的情况下是inner join,开发中使用的left join和right join属于outer join,outer join还包括full join
现有两张表,Table A 是左边的表。Table B 是右边的表。其各有四条记录,其中有两条记录name是相同的:
1.INNER JOIN 产生的结果是AB的交集
SELECT * FROM TableA INNER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name
2.LEFT [OUTER] JOIN 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name
3.RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN 产生表B的完全集,而A表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。
SELECT * FROM TableA RIGHT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name图标如left join类似。
4.FULL [OUTER] JOIN 产生A和B的并集。对于没有匹配的记录,则会以null做为值。SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name 可以通过is NULL将没有匹配的值找出来:SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.nameWHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null
5. CROSS JOIN 把表A和表B的数据进行一个N*M的组合,即笛卡尔积。如本例会产生4*4=16条记录,在开发过程中我们肯定是要过滤数据,所以这种很少用。SELECT * FROM TableA CROSS JOIN TableB
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