定积分黎曼求和的简化

在极限论微积分中，定积分的黎曼和的定义涉及到积分区间的任意分割，然后再进一步求黎曼和的极限，推理过程很复杂。

然而，进入无穷小微积分架构中，只需对积分区间无限等分即可，定义定积分被大大地简化了。?

DEFINITION

Let a < b andlet Δx be a posltlve real number. Then the Riemann sum I~f(x) Δx is defined as the sum

∑f(x) Δx = f(x0) Δx + f(x1) Δx + · · · + f(xn-d Δx + f(xn)(b – xn) a where n is the largest integersuch that a + n Δx ≤ b, and x0 = a, x1 = a + Δx, · · ·, X n = a + n Δx, b

are the partition points.

If X 0 = b, thelast term f(x")(b - X 11) is zero. The Riemann sum I~ f(x) Llx is a realfunction of three variables a, b, and Δx,

∑f(x) Δx = S(a, b, Δx).

The symbol xwhich appears in the expression is called a dummy variable (or bound variable),because the value of I~ f(x) Δx does not depend on x. The dummy variableallows us to use more compact notation, writing f(x) Δx just onceinstead of writing f(x0 ) Δx, f(x 1) Δx, f(x2) Δx, and so on. ?

From Figure 4.1.5（请读者查找相应的PDF图片） it is plausiblethat by making Δx smaller we can get the Riemann sum as close to thearea（全文完）

袁萌 7月16日