Linux字符设备驱动分析

Linux字符设备驱动分析

1、字符设备描述 struct cdev

struct cdev表示字符设备的内核的内部结构。

struct cdev { 

struct kobject kobj; 

struct module *owner; 

const struct file_operations *ops; 

struct list_head list;

 dev_t dev;

 unsigned int count;

};

2、三个重要的结构体：

struct file、struct inode、struct file_operations。

<1>、struct file代表一个打开的文件，每打开一次就创建一次。它由内核在open时创建，并传递给在该文件上进行操作的所有函数，直到最后的close函数。在文件的所有实例都被关闭后，内核才会释放这个数据结构。通常用filp表示指向这个结构的指针。

struct file {
 /*
  * fu_list becomes invalid after file_free is called and queued via
  * fu_rcuhead for RCU freeing
  */
 union {
  struct list_head fu_list;
  struct rcu_head  fu_rcuhead;
 } f_u;
 struct path  f_path;
#define f_dentry f_path.dentry
#define f_vfsmnt f_path.mnt
 const struct file_operations *f_op;   //与文件相关的操作
 spinlock_t  f_lock;  /* f_ep_links, f_flags, no IRQ */
 atomic_long_t  f_count;
 unsigned int   f_flags;  //文件标志O_RDONLY、O_NONBLOCK、O_SYNC
 fmode_t   f_mode;
 loff_t   f_pos;   //当前的读写位置
 struct fown_struct f_owner;
 const struct cred *f_cred;
 struct file_ra_state f_ra;

 u64   f_version;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
 void   *f_security;
#endif
 /* needed for tty driver, and maybe others */
 void   *private_data;

#ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL
 /* Used by fs/eventpoll.c to link all the hooks to this file */
 struct list_head f_ep_links;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL */
 struct address_space *f_mapping;
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_WRITECOUNT
 unsigned long f_mnt_write_state;
#endif
};

 struct inode结构用来记录文件的物理上的信息。内核用内核inode结构在内部表示文件，它表示打开的文件描述符，

struct inode {
 struct hlist_node i_hash;
 struct list_head i_list;  /* backing dev IO list */
 struct list_head i_sb_list;
 struct list_head i_dentry;
 unsigned long  i_ino;
 atomic_t  i_count;
 unsigned int  i_nlink;
 uid_t   i_uid;
 gid_t   i_gid;
 dev_t   i_rdev;   //表示设备文件的inode结构、该字段包含了真正的设备编号。
 u64   i_version;
 loff_t   i_size;
#ifdef __NEED_I_SIZE_ORDERED
 seqcount_t  i_size_seqcount;
#endif
 struct timespec  i_atime;
 struct timespec  i_mtime;
 struct timespec  i_ctime;
 blkcnt_t  i_blocks;
 unsigned int  i_blkbits;
 unsigned short          i_bytes;
 umode_t   i_mode;
 spinlock_t  i_lock; /* i_blocks, i_bytes, maybe i_size */
 struct mutex  i_mutex;
 struct rw_semaphore i_alloc_sem;
 const struct inode_operations *i_op;
 const struct file_operations *i_fop; /* former ->i_op->default_file_ops */
 struct super_block *i_sb;
 struct file_lock *i_flock;
 struct address_space *i_mapping;
 struct address_space i_data;
#ifdef CONFIG_QUOTA
 struct dquot  *i_dquot[MAXQUOTAS];
#endif
 struct list_head i_devices;
 union {
  struct pipe_inode_info *i_pipe;
  struct block_device *i_bdev;
  struct cdev  *i_cdev;   //struct cdev表示字符设备的内核的内核结构，当inode指向一个字符设备文件时，该字段包括了指向struct cdev结构的指针。
 };

 __u32   i_generation;

#ifdef CONFIG_FSNOTIFY
 __u32   i_fsnotify_mask; /* all events this inode cares about */
 struct hlist_head i_fsnotify_mark_entries; /* fsnotify mark entries */
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_INOTIFY
 struct list_head inotify_watches; /* watches on this inode */
 struct mutex  inotify_mutex; /* protects the watches list */
#endif

 unsigned long  i_state;
 unsigned long  dirtied_when; /* jiffies of first dirtying */

 unsigned int  i_flags;

 atomic_t  i_writecount;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
 void   *i_security;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL
 struct posix_acl *i_acl;
 struct posix_acl *i_default_acl;
#endif
 void   *i_private; /* fs or device private pointer */
};

struct file_operations结构是一个函数指针的集合，定义能在设备上进行的操作，对应关系表（把应用程序中相应的操作转换为驱动程序中相应函数）。

struct file_operations {
 struct module *owner;
 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
 ssize_t (*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t);
 ssize_t (*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t);
 int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
 unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
 int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
 int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *, int datasync);
 int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
 int (*check_flags)(int);
 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **);
};

 内核中虚拟文件系统中的read、write函数(read_write.c)

ssize_t vfs_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *pos)
{
	ssize_t ret;

	if (!(file->f_mode & FMODE_READ))
		return -EBADF;
	if (!file->f_op || (!file->f_op->read && !file->f_op->aio_read))
		return -EINVAL;
	if (unlikely(!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, buf, count)))
		return -EFAULT;

	ret = rw_verify_area(READ, file, pos, count);
	if (ret >= 0) {
		count = ret;
		if (file->f_op->read)
			ret = file->f_op->read(file, buf, count, pos);
		else
			ret = do_sync_read(file, buf, count, pos);
		if (ret > 0) {
			fsnotify_access(file->f_path.dentry);
			add_rchar(current, ret);
		}
		inc_syscr(current);
	}

	return ret;
}

 

 

ssize_t vfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *pos)
{
 ssize_t ret;

 if (!(file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE))
  return -EBADF;
 if (!file->f_op || (!file->f_op->write && !file->f_op->aio_write))
  return -EINVAL;
 if (unlikely(!access_ok(VERIFY_READ, buf, count)))
  return -EFAULT;

 ret = rw_verify_area(WRITE, file, pos, count);
 if (ret >= 0) {
  count = ret;
  if (file->f_op->write)
   ret = file->f_op->write(file, buf, count, pos);
  else
   ret = do_sync_write(file, buf, count, pos);
  if (ret > 0) {
   fsnotify_modify(file->f_path.dentry);
   add_wchar(current, ret);
  }
  inc_syscw(current);
 }

 return ret;
}