关于toString方法

toString方法用于表示对象值的字符串.

绝大多数的toString方法遵循这样的格式:类的名字,随后是一对方括号括起来的域值.下面是Employee类中的toString方法的实现(后面附上完整程序):

public String toString()
{
return"Employee[name"+name+",salary="+salary+",hireDay="+hireDay+"]";
}

实际上,还可以设计的更好一些,最好通过调用getClass().getName()得到类名得字符串,而不要将类名硬加到toString方法中.

public String toString()
{

return getClass().getName()+"[name+"+name+",salary="+salary+

",hireDay="+hireDay+"]";

}

toString方法也可以供子类调用.当然在设计子类时也应该定义自己得toString方法,并将子类得描述添加进去.如果超类使用了getClass().getName(),那么子类仅调用super.toString()就可以了,例如,下面是Manager类中的toString方法:

Class Manager extends Employee
{
.......
public String toString()
{
return super.toString()
+"[bonus="+bonus+"]";
}
}

调用toString:只要对象与一个字符串通过操作符"+"连接起来,java编译就会自动地调用toString方法,以便获得这个对象字符串描述.例如:

Point p=new Point(10,20);
String message="The current position is"+p;

//automatically invokes p.toString()

强烈建议为自己编写的每一个类增加toString方法.这样不仅自己受益,而且所有使用这个类的程序员也都会受益菲浅.

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下面这个程序实现了Employee和Manager类的toString,equals和hashCode方法.

import java.util.*; public class EqualsTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Employee alice1 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15); Employee alice2 = alice1; Employee alice3 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15); Employee bob = new Employee("Bob Brandson", 50000, 1989, 10, 1); System.out.println("alice1 == alice2: " + (alice1 == alice2)); System.out.println("alice1 == alice3: " + (alice1 == alice3)); System.out.println("alice1.equals(alice3): " + alice1.equals(alice3)); System.out.println("alice1.equals(bob): " + alice1.equals(bob)); System.out.println("bob.toString(): " + bob); Manager carl = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15); Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15); boss.setBonus(5000); System.out.println("boss.toString(): " + boss); System.out.println("carl.equals(boss): " + carl.equals(boss)); System.out.println("alice1.hashCode(): " + alice1.hashCode()); System.out.println("alice3.hashCode(): " + alice3.hashCode()); System.out.println("bob.hashCode(): " + bob.hashCode()); System.out.println("carl.hashCode(): " + carl.hashCode()); } } class Employee { public Employee(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day) { name = n; salary = s; GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(year, month - 1, day); hireDay = calendar.getTime(); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public Date getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } public boolean equals(Object otherObject) { // a quick test to see if the objects are identical if (this == otherObject) return true; // must return false if the explicit parameter is null if (otherObject == null) return false; // if the classes don't match, they can't be equal if (getClass() != otherObject.getClass()) return false; // now we know otherObject is a non-null Employee Employee other = (Employee) otherObject; // test whether the fields have identical values return name.equals(other.name) && salary == other.salary && hireDay.equals(other.hireDay); } public int hashCode() { return 7 * name.hashCode() + 11 * new Double(salary).hashCode() + 13 * hireDay.hashCode(); } public String toString() { return getClass().getName() + "[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary + ",hireDay=" + hireDay + "]"; } private String name; private double salary; private Date hireDay; } class Manager extends Employee { public Manager(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day) { super(n, s, year, month, day); bonus = 0; } public double getSalary() { double baseSalary = super.getSalary(); return baseSalary + bonus; } public void setBonus(double b) { bonus = b; } public boolean equals(Object otherObject) { if (!super.equals(otherObject)) return false; Manager other = (Manager) otherObject; // super.equals checked that this and other belong to the same class return bonus == other.bonus; } public int hashCode() { return super.hashCode() + 17 * new Double(bonus).hashCode(); } public String toString() { return super.toString() + "[bonus=" + bonus + "]"; } private double bonus; }