一个支持i18n的应用程序应该有如下一些特征:
1增加支持的语言时要求不更改程序代码
2字符元素、消息、和图象保存在原代码之外
3依赖于不同文化的数据如:日期时间、小数、及现金符号等数据对用户的语言和地理位置应该有正确的格式
4应用程序能迅速地适应新语言和/或新地区
Struts主要采用两个i18n组件来实现国际化编程:
第一个组件是一个被应用程序控制器管理的消息类,它引用包含地区相关信息串的资源包。第二个组件是一个JSP定制标签,<bean:message></bean:message>,它用于在View层呈现被控制器管理的实际的字符串。在我们前面的登录例子中这两方面的内容都出现过。
用Struts实现国际化编程的标准做法是:生成一个java属性文件集。每个文件包含您的应用程序要显示的所有消息的键/值对。
这些文件的命名要遵守如下规则,代表英文消息的文件可作为缺省的文件,它的名称是ApplicationResources.properties;其他 语种的文件在文件名中都要带上相应的地区和语言编码串,如代表中文的文件名应为 ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties。并且其他语种的文件与 ApplicationResources.properties文件要放在同一目录中。
ApplicationResources.properties文件的键/值都是英文的,而其他语种文件的键是英文的,值则是对应的语言。如在我们前面 的登录例子中的键/值对:logon.jsp.prompt.username=Username:在中文文件中就是: logon.jsp.prompt.username=用户名:当然,在实际应用时要把中文转换为AscII码。
有了上一篇文章和以上介绍的一些基础知识后。我们就可以将我们的登录程序进行国际化编程了。
首先,我们所有jsp页面文件的字符集都设置为UTF-8。即在页面文件的开始写如下指令行:
<!--page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"-->,在我们的登录例子中已经这样做了,这里不需要再改动。
其次,将所有的request的字符集也设置为UTF-8。虽然,我们可以在每个文件中加入这样的句子:request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");来解决,但这样显得很麻烦。一种更简单的解决方法是使用filter。具体步骤如下:
在mystruts\WEB-INF\classes目录下再新建一个名为filters的目录,新建一个名为: SetCharacterEncodingFilter的类,并保存在该目录下。其实,这个类并不要您亲自来写,可以借用tomcat中的例子。现将该例 子的程序节选如下:
- package filters;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import javax.servlet.Filter;
- import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
- import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
- import javax.servlet.ServletException;
- import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
- import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
- import javax.servlet.UnavailableException;
- /**
- *
Example filter that sets the character encoding to be used in parsing the
- * incoming request, either unconditionally or only if the client did not
- * specify a character encoding. Configuration of this filter is based on
- * the following initialization parameters:
- *
- *
- encoding - The character encoding to be configured
- * for this request, either conditionally or unconditionally based on
- * the
ignore
initialization parameter. This parameter - * is required, so there is no default.
- *
- ignore - If set to "true", any character encoding
- * specified by the client is ignored, and the value returned by the
- *
selectEncoding()
method is set. If set to "false, - *
selectEncoding()
is called only if the - * client has not already specified an encoding. By default, this
- * parameter is set to "true".
- *
- *
- *
Although this filter can be used unchanged, it is also easy to
- * subclass it and make the
selectEncoding()
method more - * intelligent about what encoding to choose, based on characteristics of
- * the incoming request (such as the values of the
Accept-Language
- * and
User-Agent
headers, or a value stashed in the current - * user's session.
- *
- * @author Craig McClanahan
- * @version $Revision: 1.2 $ $Date: 2001/10/17 22:53:19 $
- */
- public class SetCharacterEncodingFilter implements Filter {
- // ----------------------------------------------------- Instance Variables
- /**
- * The default character encoding to set for requests that pass through
- * this filter.
- */
- protected String encoding = null;
- /**
- * The filter configuration object we are associated with. If this value
- * is null, this filter instance is not currently configured.
- */
- protected FilterConfig filterConfig = null;
- /**
- * Should a character encoding specified by the client be ignored?
- */
- protected boolean ignore = true;
- // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods
- /**
- * Take this filter out of service.
- */
- public void destroy() {
- this.encoding = null;
- this.filterConfig = null;
- }
- /**
- * Select and set (if specified) the character encoding to be used to
- * interpret request parameters for this request.
- *
- * @param request The servlet request we are processing
- * @param result The servlet response we are creating
- * @param chain The filter chain we are processing
- *
- * @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs
- * @exception ServletException if a servlet error occurs
- */
- public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,
- FilterChain chain)
- throws IOException, ServletException {
- // Conditionally select and set the character encoding to be used
- if (ignore || (request.getCharacterEncoding() == null)) {
- String encoding = selectEncoding(request);
- if (encoding != null)
- request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding);
- }
- // Pass control on to the next filter
- chain.doFilter(request, response);
- }
- /**
- * Place this filter into service.
- *
- * @param filterConfig The filter configuration object
- */
- public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
- this.filterConfig = filterConfig;
- this.encoding = filterConfig.getInitParameter("encoding");
- String value = filterConfig.getInitParameter("ignore");
- if (value == null)
- this.ignore = true;
- else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("true"))
- this.ignore = true;
- else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("yes"))
- this.ignore = true;
- else
- this.ignore = false;
- }
- // ------------------------------------------------------ Protected Methods
- /**
- * Select an appropriate character encoding to be used, based on the
- * characteristics of the current request and/or filter initialization
- * parameters. If no character encoding should be set, return
- *
null
. - *
- * The default implementation unconditionally returns the value configured
- * by the encoding initialization parameter for this
- * filter.
- *
- * @param request The servlet request we are processing
- */
- protected String selectEncoding(ServletRequest request) {
- return (this.encoding);
- }
- }
其中,request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding);是一个关键句子。
为了让该类工作,我们还要在web.xml文件中对它进行配置,配置代码如下:
- <filter>
- <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name>
- <filter-class>filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
- <init-param>
- <param-name>encoding</param-name>
- <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
- </init-param>
- </filter>
- <filter-mapping>
- <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name>
- <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
- </filter-mapping>
最后,就是准备资源包文件,我们以创建一个中文文件为例:
将ApplicationResources.properties文件打开,另存为ApplicationResources_zh.properties,这只是一个过渡性质的文件。将文件中键/值对的值都用中文表示。更改完后的代码如下:
- #Application Resource for the logon.jsp
- logon.jsp.title=登录页
- logon.jsp.page.heading=欢迎 世界!
- logon.jsp.prompt.username=用户名:
- logon.jsp.prompt.password=口令:
- logon.jsp.prompt.submit=提交
- logon.jsp.prompt.reset=复位
- #Application Resource for the main.jsp
- main.jsp.title=主页
- main.jsp.welcome=欢迎:
- #Application Resource for the LogonAction.java
- error.missing.username=<li><font color="red">没有输入用户名</font></li>
- error.missing.password=<li><font color="red">没有输入口令</font></li>
- #Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.java
- error.noMatch=<li><font color="red">没有匹配的用户</font></li>
- #Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.java
- error.logon.invalid=<li><font color="red">用户名/口令是无效的</font></li>
- error.removed.user=<li><font color="red">找不到该用户</font></li>
- error.unexpected=<li><font color="red">不可预期的错误</font></li>
使用native2ascii工具将上面文件中的中文字符转换为ascii码,并生成一个最终使用的资源文件ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties。
具体做法是打开一个dos窗口,到mystruts\WEB-INF\classes目录下,运行如下语句:
native2ascii -encoding GBK ApplicationResources_zh.properties ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties
生成的文件ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties的内容如下:
- #Application Resource for the logon.jsp
- logon.jsp.title=\u767b\u5f55\u9875
- logon.jsp.page.heading=\u6b22\u8fce \u4e16\u754c!
- logon.jsp.prompt.username=\u7528\u6237\u540d:
- logon.jsp.prompt.password=\u53e3\u4ee4:
- logon.jsp.prompt.submit=\u63d0\u4ea4
- logon.jsp.prompt.reset=\u590d\u4f4d
- #Application Resource for the main.jsp
- main.jsp.title=\u4e3b\u9875
- main.jsp.welcome=\u6b22\u8fce:
- #Application Resource for the LogonAction.java
- error.missing.username=<li><font color="red">\u6ca1\u6709\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237\u540d</font></li>
- error.missing.password=<li><font color="red">\u6ca1\u6709\u8f93\u5165\u53e3\u4ee4</font></li>
- #Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.java
- error.noMatch=<li><font color="red">\u6ca1\u6709\u5339\u914d\u7684\u7528\u6237</font></li>
- #Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.java
- error.logon.invalid=<li><font color="red">\u7528\u6237\u540d/\u53e3\u4ee4\u662f\u65e0\u6548\u7684</font></li>
- error.removed.user=<li><font color="red">\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8be5\u7528\u6237</font></li>
- error.unexpected=<li><font color="red">\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u671f\u7684\u9519\u8bef</font></li>
从这里可以看出,所有的中文字都转换成了对应的Unicode码。
现在,再运行登录例子程序,您会发现它已经是显示的中文了。在浏览器的"工具"--"Internet选项"的"语言首选项"对话框中,去掉"中文(中 国)"加上英文,再试登录程序,此时,又会显示英文。这就是说不同国家(地区)的客户都可以看到自己语言的内容,这就实现了国际化编程的基本要求。如果还 要显示其他语言,可采用类似处理中文的方法进行,这里就不细讲了。
本文中的例子程序所采用的数据库仍然是MS SQLServer2000,数据库字符集为gbk。实验表明,对简、繁体中文,英文及日文字符都能支持。