Systemd 与 Systemctl 命令指南

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-13 11:02:47 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-04-13 11:02:47 发布

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Systemd 与 Systemctl 命令指南

http://blog.csdn.net/Well_Im/article/details/48946809?ref=myread

在 Linux 生态系统中，Systemd 被部署到了大多数的标准 Linux 发行版中，只有为数不多的几个发行版尚未部署。Systemd 通常是所有其它守护进程的父进程，但并非总是如此。

Systemctl 是一个 systemd 工具，主要负责控制 systemd 系统和服务管理器。

Systemd 是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合，用于取代 System V 初始进程。Systemd 的功能是用于集中管理和配置类 UNIX 系统。

本文旨在阐明如何运用 systemd 的系统来控制系统和服务。

Systemd初体验和Systemctl基础

首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemd --version</span>
    systemd <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">215</span>
    +PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +SYSVINIT +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +ACL +XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

上例中很清楚地表明，我们安装了215版本的systemd。

检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># whereis systemd</span>
    systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>.gz
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># whereis systemctl</span>
    systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>.gz</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

检查systemd是否运行

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemd</span>
    root         <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>     <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span> ?        <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>
    root       <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">444</span>     <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span> ?        <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
    root       <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">469</span>     <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span> ?        <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
    root       <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">555</span>     <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span> ?        <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
    dbus       <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">556</span>     <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span> ?        <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span> /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

注意：systemd是作为父进程（PID=1）运行的。在上面带（-e）参数的ps命令输出中，选择所有进程，（-a）选择除会话前导外的所有进程，并使用（-f）参数输出完整格式列表（即 -eaf）。

也请注意上例中后随的方括号和例子中剩余部分。方括号表达式是grep的字符类表达式的一部分。

分析systemd启动进程

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemd-analyze</span>
    Startup finished <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">487</span>ms (kernel) + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.776</span>s (initrd) + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20.229</span>s (userspace) = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23.493</span>s</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

分析启动时各个进程花费的时间

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemd-analyze blame</span>
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8.565</span>s mariadb.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7.991</span>s webmin.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6.095</span>s postfix.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.311</span>s httpd.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.926</span>s firewalld.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.780</span>s kdump.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.238</span>s tuned.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.712</span>s network.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.394</span>s lvm2-monitor.service
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.126</span>s systemd-logind.service
    ....</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

分析启动时的关键链

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemd-analyze critical-chain</span>
    The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"@"</span> character.
    The time the unit takes to start is printed after the <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"+"</span> character.
    multi-user.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20.222</span>s
    └─mariadb.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11.657</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8.565</span>s
      └─network.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11.168</span>s
        └─network.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9.456</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.712</span>s
          └─NetworkManager.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8.858</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">596</span>ms
            └─firewalld.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.931</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.926</span>s
              └─basic.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.916</span>s
                └─sockets.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.916</span>s
                  └─dbus.socket @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.916</span>s
                    └─sysinit.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.905</span>s
                      └─systemd-update-utmp.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.864</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">39</span>ms
                        └─auditd.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.563</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">301</span>ms
                          └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.485</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">69</span>ms
                            └─rhel-import-state.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.342</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">142</span>ms
                              └─local-fs.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.324</span>s
                                └─boot.mount @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.286</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span>ms
                                  └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">79</span>f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096
                                    └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">79</span>f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li></ul>

重要：Systemctl接受服务（.service），挂载点（.mount），套接口（.socket）和设备（.device）作为单元。

列出所有可用单元

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl list-unit-files</span>
    UNIT FILE                                   STATE   
    proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           static  
    dev-hugepages.mount                         static  
    dev-mqueue.mount                            static  
    proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount               static  
    sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount               static  
    sys-kernel-config.mount                     static  
    sys-kernel-debug.mount                      static  
    tmp.mount                                   disabled
    brandbot.path                               disabled
    .....</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

列出所有运行中单元

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl list-units</span>
    UNIT                                        LOAD   ACTIVE SUB       DESCRIPTION
    proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           loaded active waiting   Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Syste
    sys-devices-pc...<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_CD-ROM
    sys-devices-pc...:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">03.0</span>-net-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged   PRO/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1000</span> MT Desktop Adapter
    sys-devices-pc...<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05.0</span>-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">82801</span>AA AC<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'97 Audio Controller
    sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK
    sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged   LVM PV Qzyo3l-qYaL-uRUa-Cjuk-pljo-qKtX-VgBQ8
    sys-devices-pc...0-2:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK
    sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0
    sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1
    sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2
    sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3
    sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d0.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-0
    sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d1.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-1
    sys-module-configfs.device                  loaded active plugged   /sys/module/configfs
    ....</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

列出所有失败单元

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl --failed</span>
    UNIT          LOAD   ACTIVE SUB    DESCRIPTION
    kdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel arming
    LOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
    ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
    SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
    To show all installed unit files use <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'systemctl list-unit-files'</span>.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

检查某个单元（如 cron.service）是否启用

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl is-enabled crond.service</span>
    enabled</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

检查某个单元或服务是否运行

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl status firewalld.service</span>
    firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
        Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled)
        Active: active (running) since Tue <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">55</span> IST; <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">34</span>min ago
     Main PID: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">549</span> (firewalld)
       CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
                └─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">549</span> /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">51</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">27</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">55</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

使用Systemctl控制并管理服务

列出所有服务（包括启用的和禁用的）

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl list-unit-files --type=service</span>
    UNIT FILE                                   STATE   
    arp-ethers.service                          disabled
    auditd.service                              enabled 
    autovt@.service                             disabled
    blk-availability.service                    disabled
    brandbot.service                            static  
    collectd.service                            disabled
    console-getty.service                       disabled
    console-shell.service                       disabled
    cpupower.service                            disabled
    crond.service                               enabled 
    dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service   enabled 
    ....</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务(如 httpd.service)状态

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl start httpd.service</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl restart httpd.service</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl stop httpd.service</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl reload httpd.service</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl status httpd.service</span>
    httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
        Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
        Active: active (running) since Tue <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span> IST; <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>s ago
        Process: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2876</span> ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">${MAINPID}</span> (code=exited, status=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>/SUCCESS)
     Main PID: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span> (httpd)
        Status: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Processing requests..."</span>
        CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
               ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
               ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2884</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
               ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2885</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
               ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2886</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
               ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2887</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
               └─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2888</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span> tecmint httpd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'s fully q...ssage
    Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
    Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li></ul>

如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务（即系统启动时自动启动服务）

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl is-active httpd.service</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl enable httpd.service</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl disable httpd.service</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

如何屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示服务（如 httpd.service）

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl mask httpd.service</span>
    ln <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-s</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/dev/null'</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl unmask httpd.service</span>
    rm <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

使用systemctl命令杀死服务

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl kill httpd</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl status httpd</span>
    httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
       Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
       Active: failed (Result: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">exit</span>-code) since Tue <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">01</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">42</span> IST; <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span>min ago
     Main PID: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span> (code=exited, status=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>/SUCCESS)
       Status: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"</span>
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">29</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">29</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">39</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">39</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">49</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">49</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2881</span>, but recepti...bled.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">01</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">42</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: httpd.service: control process exited, code=exited status=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">226</span>
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">01</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">42</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Unit httpd.service entered failed state.
    Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-l</span> to show <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> full.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li></ul>

使用Systemctl控制并管理挂载点

列出所有系统挂载点

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl list-unit-files --type=mount</span>
    UNIT FILE                     STATE   
    dev-hugepages.mount           static  
    dev-mqueue.mount              static  
    proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static  
    sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static  
    sys-kernel-config.mount       static  
    sys-kernel-debug.mount        static  
    tmp.mount                     disabled</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

挂载、卸载、重新挂载、重载系统挂载点并检查系统中挂载点状态

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl start tmp.mount</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl stop tmp.mount</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl restart tmp.mount</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl reload tmp.mount</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl status tmp.mount</span>
    tmp.mount - Temporary Directory
       Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled)
       Active: active (mounted) since Tue <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span> IST; <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>min <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">48</span>s ago
        Where: /tmp
         What: tmpfs
         Docs: man:hier(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>)

    http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems

       Process: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3908</span> ExecMount=/bin/mount tmpfs /tmp -t tmpfs -o mode=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1777</span>,strictatime (code=exited, status=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>/SUCCESS)
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Mounting Temporary Directory...
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: tmp.mount: Directory /tmp to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Mounted Temporary Directory.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li></ul>

在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点（系统启动时自动挂载）

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl is-active tmp.mount</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl enable tmp.mount</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl disable  tmp.mount</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

在Linux中屏蔽（让它不能启用）或可见挂载点

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl mask tmp.mount</span>
    ln <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-s</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/dev/null'</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl unmask tmp.mount</span>
    rm <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

使用Systemctl控制并管理套接口

列出所有可用系统套接口

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl list-unit-files --type=socket</span>
    UNIT FILE                    STATE   
    dbus.socket                  static  
    dm-event.socket              enabled 
    lvm2-lvmetad.socket          enabled 
    rsyncd.socket                disabled
    sshd.socket                  disabled
    syslog.socket                static  
    systemd-initctl.socket       static  
    systemd-journald.socket      static  
    systemd-shutdownd.socket     static  
    systemd-udevd-control.socket static  
    systemd-udevd-kernel.socket  static  
    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11</span> unit files listed.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

在Linux中启动、重启、停止、重载套接口并检查其状态

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl start cups.socket</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl restart cups.socket</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl stop cups.socket</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl reload cups.socket</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl status cups.socket</span>
    cups.socket - CUPS Printing Service Sockets
       Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/cups.socket; enabled)
       Active: active (listening) since Tue <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> IST; <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>s ago
       Listen: /var/run/cups/cups.sock (Stream)
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Starting CUPS Printing Service Sockets.
    Apr <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> tecmint systemd[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]: Listening on CUPS Printing Service Sockets.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

在启动时激活套接口，并启用或禁用它（系统启动时自启动）

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl is-active cups.socket</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl enable cups.socket</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl disable cups.socket</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

屏蔽（使它不能启动）或显示套接口

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl mask cups.socket</span>
    ln <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-s</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/dev/null'</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl unmask cups.socket</span>
    rm <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

服务的CPU利用率（分配额）

获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额（如httpd）

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service</span>
    CPUShares=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1024</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

注意：各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024，你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。

将某个服务（httpd.service）的CPU分配份额限制为2000 CPUShares/

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=2000</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service</span>
    CPUShares=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2000</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

注意：当你为某个服务设置CPUShares，会自动创建一个以服务名命名的目录（如 httpd.service），里面包含了一个名为90-CPUShares.conf的文件，该文件含有CPUShare限制信息，你可以通过以下方式查看该文件：

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># vi /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/90-CPUShares.conf </span>
    [Service]
    CPUShares=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2000</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

检查某个服务的所有配置细节

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl show httpd</span>
    Id=httpd.service
    Names=httpd.service
    Requires=basic.target
    Wants=system.slice
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    Conflicts=shutdown.target
    Before=shutdown.target multi-user.target
    After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice
    Description=The Apache HTTP Server
    LoadState=loaded
    ActiveState=active
    SubState=running
    FragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
    ....</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li></ul>

分析某个服务（httpd）的关键链

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemd-analyze critical-chain httpd.service</span>
    The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"@"</span> character.
    The time the unit takes to start is printed after the <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"+"</span> character.
    httpd.service +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">142</span>ms
    └─network.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11.168</span>s
      └─network.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9.456</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.712</span>s
        └─NetworkManager.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8.858</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">596</span>ms
          └─firewalld.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.931</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.926</span>s
            └─basic.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.916</span>s
              └─sockets.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.916</span>s
                └─dbus.socket @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.916</span>s
                  └─sysinit.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.905</span>s
                    └─systemd-update-utmp.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.864</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">39</span>ms
                      └─auditd.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.563</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">301</span>ms
                        └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.485</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">69</span>ms
                          └─rhel-import-state.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.342</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">142</span>ms
                            └─local-fs.target @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.324</span>s
                              └─boot.mount @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.286</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span>ms
                                └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">79</span>f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.service @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.092</span>s +<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">149</span>ms
                                  └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">79</span>f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.092</span>s</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li></ul>

获取某个服务（httpd）的依赖性列表

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl list-dependencies httpd.service</span>
    httpd.service
    ├─system.slice
    └─basic.target
      ├─firewalld.service
      ├─microcode.service
      ├─rhel-autorelabel-mark.service
      ├─rhel-autorelabel.service
      ├─rhel-configure.service
      ├─rhel-dmesg.service
      ├─rhel-loadmodules.service
      ├─paths.target
      ├─slices.target
      │ ├─-.slice
      │ └─system.slice
      ├─sockets.target
      │ ├─dbus.socket
    ....</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li></ul>

按等级列出控制组

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemd-cgls</span>
    ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>
    ├─user.slice
    │ └─user-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.slice
    │   └─session-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>.scope
    │     ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2498</span> sshd: root@pts/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>    
    │     ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2500</span> -bash
    │     ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4521</span> systemd-cgls
    │     └─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4522</span> systemd-cgls
    └─system.slice
      ├─httpd.service
      │ ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4440</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
      │ ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4442</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
      │ ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4443</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
      │ ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4444</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
      │ ├─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4445</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
      │ └─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4446</span> /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
      ├─polkit.service
      │ └─<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">721</span> /usr/lib/polkit-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>/polkitd --no-debug
    ....</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li></ul>

按CPU、内存、输入和输出列出控制组

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemd-cgtop</span>
    Path                                                              Tasks   %CPU   Memory  Input/s Output/s
    /                                                                    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">83</span>    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.0</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">437.8</span>M        -        -
    /system.slice                                                         -    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.1</span>        -        -        -
    /system.slice/mariadb.service                                         <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.1</span>        -        -        -
    /system.slice/tuned.service                                           <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.0</span>        -        -        -
    /system.slice/httpd.service                                           <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.0</span>        -        -        -
    /system.slice/NetworkManager.service                                  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/atop.service                                            <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/atopacct.service                                        <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/auditd.service                                          <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/crond.service                                           <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/dbus.service                                            <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/firewalld.service                                       <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/lvm2-lvmetad.service                                    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/polkit.service                                          <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/postfix.service                                         <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/rsyslog.service                                         <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/system-getty.slice/getty@tty1.service                   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/systemd-journald.service                                <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/systemd-logind.service                                  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/systemd-udevd.service                                   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /system.slice/webmin.service                                          <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>      -        -        -        -
    /user.slice/user-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.slice/session-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>.scope                              <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>      -        -        -        -</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li></ul>

控制系统运行等级

启动系统救援模式

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl rescue</span>
    Broadcast message from root@tecmint on pts/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> (Wed <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">29</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span> IST):
    The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

进入紧急模式

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl emergency</span>
    Welcome to emergency mode! After logging <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">type</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"journalctl -xb"</span> to view
    system logs, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"systemctl reboot"</span> to reboot, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"systemctl default"</span> to try again
    to boot into default mode.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

列出当前使用的运行等级

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl get-default</span>
    multi-user.target</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

启动运行等级5，即图形模式

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl isolate runlevel5.target</span>
    或
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl isolate graphical.target</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

启动运行等级3，即多用户模式（命令行）

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl isolate runlevel3.target</span>
    或
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl isolate multiuser.target</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

设置多用户模式或图形模式为默认运行等级

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl set-default runlevel3.target</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl set-default runlevel5.target</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

重启、停止、挂起、休眠系统或使系统进入混合睡眠

<code class="language-bash hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl reboot</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl halt</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl suspend</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl hibernate</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># systemctl hybrid-sleep</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

对于不知运行等级为何物的人，说明如下。