编写多线程的程序一直都是一件比较麻烦的事情,要考虑很多事情,处理不好还会出很多意想不到的麻烦。加上现在很多开发者接触到的项目都是打着企业级旗号的B/S项目,大多数人都很少涉及多线程,这又为本文的主角增加了一份神秘感。
讲到Java多线程,大多数人脑海中跳出来的是Thread、Runnable、synchronized……这些是最基本的东西,虽然已经足够强 大,但想要用好还真不容易。从JDK 1.5开始,增加了java.util.concurrent包,它的引入大大简化了多线程程序的开发(要感谢一下大牛Doug Lee)。
java.util.concurrent包分成了三个部分,分别是java.util.concurrent、 java.util.concurrent.atomic和java.util.concurrent.lock。内容涵盖了并发集合类、线程池机制、同 步互斥机制、线程安全的变量更新工具类、锁等等常用工具。
为了便于理解,本文使用一个例子来做说明,交代一下它的场景:
假设要对一套10个节点组成的环境进行检查,这个环境有两个入口点,通过节点间的依赖关系可以遍历到整个环境。依赖关系可以构成一张有向图,可能存在环。为了提高检查的效率,考虑使用多线程。
1、Executors
通过这个类能够获得多种线程池的实例,例如可以调用newSingleThreadExecutor()获得单线程的 ExecutorService,调用newFixedThreadPool()获得固定大小线程池的ExecutorService。拿到 ExecutorService可以做的事情就比较多了,最简单的是用它来执行Runnable对象,也可以执行一些实现了 Callable<T>的对象。用Thread的start()方法没有返回值,如果该线程执行的方法有返回值那用 ExecutorService就再好不过了,可以选择submit()、invokeAll()或者invokeAny(),根据具体情况选择合适的方 法即可。
- package service;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.Future;
- import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
- /**
- * 线程池服务类
- *
- * @author DigitalSonic
- */
- public class ThreadPoolService {
- /**
- * 默认线程池大小
- */
- public static final int DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE = 5 ;
- /**
- * 默认一个任务的超时时间,单位为毫秒
- */
- public static final long DEFAULT_TASK_TIMEOUT = 1000 ;
- private int poolSize = DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE;
- private ExecutorService executorService;
- /**
- * 根据给定大小创建线程池
- */
- public ThreadPoolService( int poolSize) {
- setPoolSize(poolSize);
- }
- /**
- * 使用线程池中的线程来执行任务
- */
- public void execute(Runnable task) {
- executorService.execute(task);
- }
- /**
- * 在线程池中执行所有给定的任务并取回运行结果,使用默认超时时间
- *
- * @see #invokeAll(List, long)
- */
- public List<Node> invokeAll(List<ValidationTask> tasks) {
- return invokeAll(tasks, DEFAULT_TASK_TIMEOUT * tasks.size());
- }
- /**
- * 在线程池中执行所有给定的任务并取回运行结果
- *
- * @param timeout 以毫秒为单位的超时时间,小于0表示不设定超时
- * @see java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService#invokeAll(java.util.Collection)
- */
- public List<Node> invokeAll(List<ValidationTask> tasks, long timeout) {
- List<Node> nodes = new ArrayList<Node>(tasks.size());
- try {
- List<Future<Node>> futures = null ;
- if (timeout < 0 ) {
- futures = executorService.invokeAll(tasks);
- } else {
- futures = executorService.invokeAll(tasks, timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
- }
- for (Future<Node> future : futures) {
- try {
- nodes.add(future.get());
- } catch (ExecutionException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return nodes;
- }
- /**
- * 关闭当前ExecutorService
- *
- * @param timeout 以毫秒为单位的超时时间
- */
- public void destoryExecutorService( long timeout) {
- if (executorService != null && !executorService.isShutdown()) {
- try {
- executorService.awaitTermination(timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- executorService.shutdown();
- }
- }
- /**
- * 关闭当前ExecutorService,随后根据poolSize创建新的ExecutorService
- */
- public void createExecutorService() {
- destoryExecutorService(1000 );
- executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(poolSize);
- }
- /**
- * 调整线程池大小
- * @see #createExecutorService()
- */
- public void setPoolSize( int poolSize) {
- this .poolSize = poolSize;
- createExecutorService();
- }
- }
package service;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* 线程池服务类
*
* @author DigitalSonic
*/
public class ThreadPoolService {
/**
* 默认线程池大小
*/
public static final int DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE = 5;
/**
* 默认一个任务的超时时间,单位为毫秒
*/
public static final long DEFAULT_TASK_TIMEOUT = 1000;
private int poolSize = DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE;
private ExecutorService executorService;
/**
* 根据给定大小创建线程池
*/
public ThreadPoolService(int poolSize) {
setPoolSize(poolSize);
}
/**
* 使用线程池中的线程来执行任务
*/
public void execute(Runnable task) {
executorService.execute(task);
}
/**
* 在线程池中执行所有给定的任务并取回运行结果,使用默认超时时间
*
* @see #invokeAll(List, long)
*/
public List<Node> invokeAll(List<ValidationTask> tasks) {
return invokeAll(tasks, DEFAULT_TASK_TIMEOUT * tasks.size());
}
/**
* 在线程池中执行所有给定的任务并取回运行结果
*
* @param timeout 以毫秒为单位的超时时间,小于0表示不设定超时
* @see java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService#invokeAll(java.util.Collection)
*/
public List<Node> invokeAll(List<ValidationTask> tasks, long timeout) {
List<Node> nodes = new ArrayList<Node>(tasks.size());
try {
List<Future<Node>> futures = null;
if (timeout < 0) {
futures = executorService.invokeAll(tasks);
} else {
futures = executorService.invokeAll(tasks, timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
}
for (Future<Node> future : futures) {
try {
nodes.add(future.get());
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return nodes;
}
/**
* 关闭当前ExecutorService
*
* @param timeout 以毫秒为单位的超时时间
*/
public void destoryExecutorService(long timeout) {
if (executorService != null && !executorService.isShutdown()) {
try {
executorService.awaitTermination(timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
executorService.shutdown();
}
}
/**
* 关闭当前ExecutorService,随后根据poolSize创建新的ExecutorService
*/
public void createExecutorService() {
destoryExecutorService(1000);
executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(poolSize);
}
/**
* 调整线程池大小
* @see #createExecutorService()
*/
public void setPoolSize(int poolSize) {
this.poolSize = poolSize;
createExecutorService();
}
}
这里要额外说明一下invokeAll()和invokeAny()方法。前者会执行给定的所有Callable<T>对象,等所有任 务完成后返回一个包含了执行结果的List<Future<T>>,每个Future.isDone()都是true,可以用 Future.get()拿到结果;后者只要完成了列表中的任意一个任务就立刻返回,返回值就是执行结果。
造成这个问题的主要原因是两个版本中invokeAll和invokeAny的方法签名不同,1.6里是 invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks),而1.5里是invokeAll(Collection<Callable<T>> tasks)。网上也有人遇到类似的问题( invokeAll() is not willing to acept a Collection<Callable<T>> )。
和其他资源一样,线程池在使用完毕后也需要释放,用shutdown()方法可以关闭线程池,如果当时池里还有没有被执行的任务,它会等待任务执行 完毕,在等待期间试图进入线程池的任务将被拒绝。也可以用shutdownNow()来关闭线程池,它会立刻关闭线程池,没有执行的任务作为返回值返回。
2、Lock
多线程编程中常常要锁定某个对象,之前会用synchronized来实现,现在又多了另一种选择,那就是 java.util.concurrent.locks。通过Lock能够实现更灵活的锁定机制,它还提供了很多synchronized所没有的功能, 例如尝试获得锁(tryLock())。
使用Lock时需要自己获得锁并在使用后手动释放,这一点与synchronized有所不同,所以通常Lock的使用方式是这样的:
- Lock l = ...;
- l.lock();
- try {
- // 执行操作
- } finally {
- l.unlock();
- }
Lock l = ...;
l.lock();
try {
// 执行操作
} finally {
l.unlock();
}
java.util.concurrent.locks中提供了几个Lock接口的实现类,比较常用的应该是ReentrantLock。以下范例中使用了ReentrantLock进行节点锁定:
- package service;
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
- /**
- * 节点类
- *
- * @author DigitalSonic
- */
- public class Node {
- private String name;
- private String wsdl;
- private String result = "PASS" ;
- private String[] dependencies = new String[] {};
- private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
- /**
- * 默认构造方法
- */
- public Node() {
- }
- /**
- * 构造节点对象,设置名称及WSDL
- */
- public Node(String name, String wsdl) {
- this .name = name;
- this .wsdl = wsdl;
- }
- /**
- * 返回包含节点名称、WSDL以及验证结果的字符串
- */
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- String toString = "Node: " + name + " WSDL: " + wsdl + " Result: " + result;
- return toString;
- }
- // Getter & Setter
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
- public void setName(String name) {
- this .name = name;
- }
- public String getWsdl() {
- return wsdl;
- }
- public void setWsdl(String wsdl) {
- this .wsdl = wsdl;
- }
- public String getResult() {
- return result;
- }
- public void setResult(String result) {
- this .result = result;
- }
- public String[] getDependencies() {
- return dependencies;
- }
- public void setDependencies(String[] dependencies) {
- this .dependencies = dependencies;
- }
- public Lock getLock() {
- return lock;
- }
- }
package service;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
/**
* 节点类
*
* @author DigitalSonic
*/
public class Node {
private String name;
private String wsdl;
private String result = "PASS";
private String[] dependencies = new String[] {};
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
/**
* 默认构造方法
*/
public Node() {
}
/**
* 构造节点对象,设置名称及WSDL
*/
public Node(String name, String wsdl) {
this.name = name;
this.wsdl = wsdl;
}
/**
* 返回包含节点名称、WSDL以及验证结果的字符串
*/
@Override
public String toString() {
String toString = "Node: " + name + " WSDL: " + wsdl + " Result: " + result;
return toString;
}
// Getter & Setter
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getWsdl() {
return wsdl;
}
public void setWsdl(String wsdl) {
this.wsdl = wsdl;
}
public String getResult() {
return result;
}
public void setResult(String result) {
this.result = result;
}
public String[] getDependencies() {
return dependencies;
}
public void setDependencies(String[] dependencies) {
this.dependencies = dependencies;
}
public Lock getLock() {
return lock;
}
}
- package service;
- import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
- import java.util.logging.Logger;
- import service.mock.MockNodeValidator;
- /**
- * 执行验证的任务类
- *
- * @author DigitalSonic
- */
- public class ValidationTask implements Callable<Node> {
- private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger( "ValidationTask" );
- private String wsdl;
- /**
- * 构造方法,传入节点的WSDL
- */
- public ValidationTask(String wsdl) {
- this .wsdl = wsdl;
- }
- /**
- * 执行针对某个节点的验证<br/>
- * 如果正有别的线程在执行同一节点的验证则等待其结果,不重复执行验证
- */
- @Override
- public Node call() throws Exception {
- Node node = ValidationService.NODE_MAP.get(wsdl);
- Lock lock = null ;
- logger.info("开始验证节点:" + wsdl);
- if (node != null ) {
- lock = node.getLock();
- if (lock.tryLock()) {
- // 当前没有其他线程验证该节点
- logger.info("当前没有其他线程验证节点" + node.getName() + "[" + wsdl + "]" );
- try {
- Node result = MockNodeValidator.validateNode(wsdl);
- mergeNode(result, node);
- } finally {
- lock.unlock();
- }
- } else {
- // 当前有别的线程正在验证该节点,等待结果
- logger.info("当前有别的线程正在验证节点" + node.getName() + "[" + wsdl + "],等待结果" );
- lock.lock();
- lock.unlock();
- }
- } else {
- // 从未进行过验证,这种情况应该只出现在系统启动初期
- // 这时是在做初始化,不应该有冲突发生
- logger.info("首次验证节点:" + wsdl);
- node = MockNodeValidator.validateNode(wsdl);
- ValidationService.NODE_MAP.put(wsdl, node);
- }
- logger.info("节点" + node.getName() + "[" + wsdl + "]验证结束,验证结果:" + node.getResult());
- return node;
- }
- /**
- * 将src的内容合并进dest节点中,不进行深度拷贝
- */
- private Node mergeNode(Node src, Node dest) {
- dest.setName(src.getName());
- dest.setWsdl(src.getWsdl());
- dest.setDependencies(src.getDependencies());
- dest.setResult(src.getResult());
- return dest;
- }
- }
package service;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import service.mock.MockNodeValidator;
/**
* 执行验证的任务类
*
* @author DigitalSonic
*/
public class ValidationTask implements Callable<Node> {
private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("ValidationTask");
private String wsdl;
/**
* 构造方法,传入节点的WSDL
*/
public ValidationTask(String wsdl) {
this.wsdl = wsdl;
}
/**
* 执行针对某个节点的验证<br/>
* 如果正有别的线程在执行同一节点的验证则等待其结果,不重复执行验证
*/
@Override
public Node call() throws Exception {
Node node = ValidationService.NODE_MAP.get(wsdl);
Lock lock = null;
logger.info("开始验证节点:" + wsdl);
if (node != null) {
lock = node.getLock();
if (lock.tryLock()) {
// 当前没有其他线程验证该节点
logger.info("当前没有其他线程验证节点" + node.getName() + "[" + wsdl + "]");
try {
Node result = MockNodeValidator.validateNode(wsdl);
mergeNode(result, node);
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
} else {
// 当前有别的线程正在验证该节点,等待结果
logger.info("当前有别的线程正在验证节点" + node.getName() + "[" + wsdl + "],等待结果");
lock.lock();
lock.unlock();
}
} else {
// 从未进行过验证,这种情况应该只出现在系统启动初期
// 这时是在做初始化,不应该有冲突发生
logger.info("首次验证节点:" + wsdl);
node = MockNodeValidator.validateNode(wsdl);
ValidationService.NODE_MAP.put(wsdl, node);
}
logger.info("节点" + node.getName() + "[" + wsdl + "]验证结束,验证结果:" + node.getResult());
return node;
}
/**
* 将src的内容合并进dest节点中,不进行深度拷贝
*/
private Node mergeNode(Node src, Node dest) {
dest.setName(src.getName());
dest.setWsdl(src.getWsdl());
dest.setDependencies(src.getDependencies());
dest.setResult(src.getResult());
return dest;
}
}
请注意ValidationTask的call()方法,这里会先检查节点是否被锁定,如果被锁定则表示当前有另一个线程正在验证该节点,那就不用重复进行验证。第50行和第51行,那到锁后立即释放,这里只是为了等待验证结束。
讲到Lock,就不能不讲Conditon,前者代替了synchronized,而后者则代替了Object对象上的wait()、 notify()和notifyAll()方法(Condition中提供了await()、signal()和signalAll()方法),当满足运 行条件前挂起线程。Condition是与Lock结合使用的,通过Lock.newCondition()方法能够创建与Lock绑定的 Condition实例。JDK的JavaDoc中有一个例子能够很好地说明Condition的用途及用法:
- class BoundedBuffer {
- final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
- final Condition notFull = lock.newCondition();
- final Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition();
- final Object[] items = new Object[ 100 ];
- int putptr, takeptr, count;
- public void put(Object x) throws InterruptedException {
- lock.lock();
- try {
- while (count == items.length)
- notFull.await();
- items[putptr] = x;
- if (++putptr == items.length) putptr = 0 ;
- ++count;
- notEmpty.signal();
- } finally {
- lock.unlock();
- }
- }
- public Object take() throws InterruptedException {
- lock.lock();
- try {
- while (count == 0 )
- notEmpty.await();
- Object x = items[takeptr];
- if (++takeptr == items.length) takeptr = 0 ;
- --count;
- notFull.signal();
- return x;
- } finally {
- lock.unlock();
- }
- }
- }
class BoundedBuffer {
final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
final Condition notFull = lock.newCondition();
final Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition();
final Object[] items = new Object[100];
int putptr, takeptr, count;
public void put(Object x) throws InterruptedException {
lock.lock();
try {
while (count == items.length)
notFull.await();
items[putptr] = x;
if (++putptr == items.length) putptr = 0;
++count;
notEmpty.signal();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public Object take() throws InterruptedException {
lock.lock();
try {
while (count == 0)
notEmpty.await();
Object x = items[takeptr];
if (++takeptr == items.length) takeptr = 0;
--count;
notFull.signal();
return x;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
说到这里,让我解释一下之前的例子里为什么没有选择Condition来等待验证结束。await()方法在调用时当前线程先要获得对应的锁,既然我都拿到锁了,那也就是说验证已经结束了。。。
3、并发集合类
集合类是大家编程时经常要使用的东西,ArrayList、HashMap什么的,java.util包中的集合类有的是线程安全的,有的则不是, 在编写多线程的程序时使用线程安全的类能省去很多麻烦,但这些类的性能如何呢?java.util.concurrent包中提供了几个并发结合类,例如 ConcurrentHashMap、ConcurrentLinkedQueue和CopyOnWriteArrayList等等,根据不同的使用场 景,开发者可以用它们替换java.util包中的相应集合类。
CopyOnWriteArrayList是ArrayList的一个变体,比较适合用在读取比较频繁、修改较少的情况下,因为每次修改都要复制整 个底层数组。ConcurrentHashMap中为Map接口增加了一些方法(例如putIfAbsenct()),同时做了些优化,总之灰常之好用, 下面的代码中使用ConcurrentHashMap来作为全局节点表,完全无需考虑并发问题。ValidationService中只是声明(第17 行),具体的使用是在上面的ValidationTask中。
- package service;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.Map;
- import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
- /**
- * 执行验证的服务类
- *
- * @author DigitalSonic
- */
- public class ValidationService {
- /**
- * 全局节点表
- */
- public static final Map<String, Node> NODE_MAP = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Node>();
- private ThreadPoolService threadPoolService;
- public ValidationService(ThreadPoolService threadPoolService) {
- this .threadPoolService = threadPoolService;
- }
- /**
- * 给出一个入口节点的WSDL,通过广度遍历的方式验证与其相关的各个节点
- *
- * @param wsdl 入口节点WSDL
- */
- public void validate(List<String> wsdl) {
- List<String> visitedNodes = new ArrayList<String>();
- List<String> nextRoundNodes = new ArrayList<String>();
- nextRoundNodes.addAll(wsdl);
- while (nextRoundNodes.size() > 0 ) {
- List<ValidationTask> tasks = getTasks(nextRoundNodes);
- List<Node> nodes = threadPoolService.invokeAll(tasks);
- visitedNodes.addAll(nextRoundNodes);
- nextRoundNodes.clear();
- getNextRoundNodes(nodes, visitedNodes, nextRoundNodes);
- }
- }
- private List<String> getNextRoundNodes(List<Node> nodes,
- List<String> visitedNodes, List<String> nextRoundNodes) {
- for (Node node : nodes) {
- for (String wsdl : node.getDependencies()) {
- if (!visitedNodes.contains(wsdl)) {
- nextRoundNodes.add(wsdl);
- }
- }
- }
- return nextRoundNodes;
- }
- private List<ValidationTask> getTasks(List<String> nodes) {
- List<ValidationTask> tasks = new ArrayList<ValidationTask>(nodes.size());
- for (String wsdl : nodes) {
- tasks.add(new ValidationTask(wsdl));
- }
- return tasks;
- }
- }
package service;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
/**
* 执行验证的服务类
*
* @author DigitalSonic
*/
public class ValidationService {
/**
* 全局节点表
*/
public static final Map<String, Node> NODE_MAP = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Node>();
private ThreadPoolService threadPoolService;
public ValidationService(ThreadPoolService threadPoolService) {
this.threadPoolService = threadPoolService;
}
/**
* 给出一个入口节点的WSDL,通过广度遍历的方式验证与其相关的各个节点
*
* @param wsdl 入口节点WSDL
*/
public void validate(List<String> wsdl) {
List<String> visitedNodes = new ArrayList<String>();
List<String> nextRoundNodes = new ArrayList<String>();
nextRoundNodes.addAll(wsdl);
while (nextRoundNodes.size() > 0) {
List<ValidationTask> tasks = getTasks(nextRoundNodes);
List<Node> nodes = threadPoolService.invokeAll(tasks);
visitedNodes.addAll(nextRoundNodes);
nextRoundNodes.clear();
getNextRoundNodes(nodes, visitedNodes, nextRoundNodes);
}
}
private List<String> getNextRoundNodes(List<Node> nodes,
List<String> visitedNodes, List<String> nextRoundNodes) {
for (Node node : nodes) {
for (String wsdl : node.getDependencies()) {
if (!visitedNodes.contains(wsdl)) {
nextRoundNodes.add(wsdl);
}
}
}
return nextRoundNodes;
}
private List<ValidationTask> getTasks(List<String> nodes) {
List<ValidationTask> tasks = new ArrayList<ValidationTask>(nodes.size());
for (String wsdl : nodes) {
tasks.add(new ValidationTask(wsdl));
}
return tasks;
}
}
4、AtomicInteger
对变量的读写操作都是原子操作(除了long或者double的变量),但像数值类型的++ --操作不是原子操作,像i++中包含了获得i的原始值、加1、写回i、返回原始值,在进行类似i++这样的操作时如果不进行同步问题就大了。好在 java.util.concurrent.atomic为我们提供了很多工具类,可以以原子方式更新变量。
以AtomicInteger为例,提供了代替++ --的getAndIncrement()、incrementAndGet()、getAndDecrement()和 decrementAndGet()方法,还有加减给定值的方法、当前值等于预期值时更新的compareAndSet()方法。
下面的例子中用AtomicInteger保存全局验证次数(第69行做了自增的操作),因为validateNode()方法会同时被多个线程调用,所以直接用int不同步是不行的,但用AtomicInteger在这种场合下就很合适。
- package service.mock;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.HashMap;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.Map;
- import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
- import java.util.logging.Logger;
- import service.Node;
- /**
- * 模拟执行节点验证的Mock类
- *
- * @author DigitalSonic
- */
- public class MockNodeValidator {
- public static final List<Node> ENTRIES = new ArrayList<Node>();
- private static final Map<String, Node> NODE_MAP = new HashMap<String, Node>();
- private static AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger( 0 );
- private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger( "MockNodeValidator" );
- /*
- * 构造模拟数据
- */
- static {
- Node node0 = new Node( "NODE0" , "http://node0/check?wsdl" ); //入口 0
- Node node1 = new Node( "NODE1" , "http://node1/check?wsdl" );
- Node node2 = new Node( "NODE2" , "http://node2/check?wsdl" );
- Node node3 = new Node( "NODE3" , "http://node3/check?wsdl" );
- Node node4 = new Node( "NODE4" , "http://node4/check?wsdl" );
- Node node5 = new Node( "NODE5" , "http://node5/check?wsdl" );
- Node node6 = new Node( "NODE6" , "http://node6/check?wsdl" ); //入口 1
- Node node7 = new Node( "NODE7" , "http://node7/check?wsdl" );
- Node node8 = new Node( "NODE8" , "http://node8/check?wsdl" );
- Node node9 = new Node( "NODE9" , "http://node9/check?wsdl" );
- node0.setDependencies(new String[] { node1.getWsdl(), node2.getWsdl() });
- node1.setDependencies(new String[] { node3.getWsdl(), node4.getWsdl() });
- node2.setDependencies(new String[] { node5.getWsdl() });
- node6.setDependencies(new String[] { node7.getWsdl(), node8.getWsdl() });
- node7.setDependencies(new String[] { node5.getWsdl(), node9.getWsdl() });
- node8.setDependencies(new String[] { node3.getWsdl(), node4.getWsdl() });
- node2.setResult("FAILED" );
- NODE_MAP.put(node0.getWsdl(), node0);
- NODE_MAP.put(node1.getWsdl(), node1);
- NODE_MAP.put(node2.getWsdl(), node2);
- NODE_MAP.put(node3.getWsdl(), node3);
- NODE_MAP.put(node4.getWsdl(), node4);
- NODE_MAP.put(node5.getWsdl(), node5);
- NODE_MAP.put(node6.getWsdl(), node6);
- NODE_MAP.put(node7.getWsdl(), node7);
- NODE_MAP.put(node8.getWsdl(), node8);
- NODE_MAP.put(node9.getWsdl(), node9);
- ENTRIES.add(node0);
- ENTRIES.add(node6);
- }
- /**
- * 模拟执行远程验证返回节点,每次调用等待500ms
- */
- public static Node validateNode(String wsdl) {
- Node node = cloneNode(NODE_MAP.get(wsdl));
- logger.info("验证节点" + node.getName() + "[" + node.getWsdl() + "]" );
- count.getAndIncrement();
- try {
- Thread.sleep(500 );
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return node;
- }
- /**
- * 获得计数器的值
- */
- public static int getCount() {
- return count.intValue();
- }
- /**
- * 克隆一个新的Node对象(未执行深度克隆)
- */
- public static Node cloneNode(Node originalNode) {
- Node newNode = new Node();
- newNode.setName(originalNode.getName());
- newNode.setWsdl(originalNode.getWsdl());
- newNode.setResult(originalNode.getResult());
- newNode.setDependencies(originalNode.getDependencies());
- return newNode;
- }
- }
package service.mock;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import service.Node;
/**
* 模拟执行节点验证的Mock类
*
* @author DigitalSonic
*/
public class MockNodeValidator {
public static final List<Node> ENTRIES = new ArrayList<Node>();
private static final Map<String, Node> NODE_MAP = new HashMap<String, Node>();
private static AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("MockNodeValidator");
/*
* 构造模拟数据
*/
static {
Node node0 = new Node("NODE0", "http://node0/check?wsdl"); //入口0
Node node1 = new Node("NODE1", "http://node1/check?wsdl");
Node node2 = new Node("NODE2", "http://node2/check?wsdl");
Node node3 = new Node("NODE3", "http://node3/check?wsdl");
Node node4 = new Node("NODE4", "http://node4/check?wsdl");
Node node5 = new Node("NODE5", "http://node5/check?wsdl");
Node node6 = new Node("NODE6", "http://node6/check?wsdl"); //入口1
Node node7 = new Node("NODE7", "http://node7/check?wsdl");
Node node8 = new Node("NODE8", "http://node8/check?wsdl");
Node node9 = new Node("NODE9", "http://node9/check?wsdl");
node0.setDependencies(new String[] { node1.getWsdl(), node2.getWsdl() });
node1.setDependencies(new String[] { node3.getWsdl(), node4.getWsdl() });
node2.setDependencies(new String[] { node5.getWsdl() });
node6.setDependencies(new String[] { node7.getWsdl(), node8.getWsdl() });
node7.setDependencies(new String[] { node5.getWsdl(), node9.getWsdl() });
node8.setDependencies(new String[] { node3.getWsdl(), node4.getWsdl() });
node2.setResult("FAILED");
NODE_MAP.put(node0.getWsdl(), node0);
NODE_MAP.put(node1.getWsdl(), node1);
NODE_MAP.put(node2.getWsdl(), node2);
NODE_MAP.put(node3.getWsdl(), node3);
NODE_MAP.put(node4.getWsdl(), node4);
NODE_MAP.put(node5.getWsdl(), node5);
NODE_MAP.put(node6.getWsdl(), node6);
NODE_MAP.put(node7.getWsdl(), node7);
NODE_MAP.put(node8.getWsdl(), node8);
NODE_MAP.put(node9.getWsdl(), node9);
ENTRIES.add(node0);
ENTRIES.add(node6);
}
/**
* 模拟执行远程验证返回节点,每次调用等待500ms
*/
public static Node validateNode(String wsdl) {
Node node = cloneNode(NODE_MAP.get(wsdl));
logger.info("验证节点" + node.getName() + "[" + node.getWsdl() + "]");
count.getAndIncrement();
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return node;
}
/**
* 获得计数器的值
*/
public static int getCount() {
return count.intValue();
}
/**
* 克隆一个新的Node对象(未执行深度克隆)
*/
public static Node cloneNode(Node originalNode) {
Node newNode = new Node();
newNode.setName(originalNode.getName());
newNode.setWsdl(originalNode.getWsdl());
newNode.setResult(originalNode.getResult());
newNode.setDependencies(originalNode.getDependencies());
return newNode;
}
}
上述代码还有另一个功能,就是构造测试用的节点数据,一共10个节点,有2个入口点,通过这两个点能够遍历整个系统。每次调用会模拟远程访问,等待500ms。环境间节点依赖如下:
Node1 [Node3, Node4]
Node2 [Node5]
Node6 [Node7, Node8]
Node7 [Node5, Node9]
Node8 [Node3, Node4]
5、CountDownLatch
CountDownLatch是一个一次性的同步辅助工具,允许一个或多个线程一直等待,直到计数器值变为0。它有一个构造方法,设定计数器初始 值,即在await()结束等待前需要调用多少次countDown()方法。CountDownLatch的计数器不能重置,所以说它是“一次性”的, 如果需要重置计数器,可以使用CyclicBarrier。在运行环境检查的主类中,使用了CountDownLatch来等待所有验证结束,在各个并发 验证的线程完成任务结束前都会调用countDown(),因为有3个并发的验证,所以将计数器设置为3。
最后将所有这些类整合起来,运行环境检查的主类如下。它会创建线程池服务和验证服务,先做一次验证(相当于是对系统做次初始化),随后并发3个验证 请求。系统运行完毕会显示实际执行的节点验证次数和执行时间。如果是顺序执行,验证次数应该是13*4=52,但实际的验证次数会少于这个数字(我这里最 近一次执行了33次验证),因为如果同时有两个线程要验证同一节点时只会做一次验证。关于时间,如果是顺序执行,52次验证每次等待500ms,那么验证 所耗费的时间应该是26000ms,使用了多线程后的实际耗时远小于该数字(最近一次执行耗时4031ms)。
- package service.mock;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
- import service.Node;
- import service.ThreadPoolService;
- import service.ValidationService;
- /**
- * 模拟执行这个环境的验证
- *
- * @author DigitalSonic
- */
- public class ValidationStarter implements Runnable {
- private List<String> entries;
- private ValidationService validationService;
- private CountDownLatch signal;
- public ValidationStarter(List<String> entries, ValidationService validationService,
- CountDownLatch signal) {
- this .entries = entries;
- this .validationService = validationService;
- this .signal = signal;
- }
- /**
- * 线程池大小为10,初始化执行一次,随后并发三个验证
- */
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- ThreadPoolService threadPoolService = new ThreadPoolService( 10 );
- ValidationService validationService = new ValidationService(threadPoolService);
- List<String> entries = new ArrayList<String>();
- CountDownLatch signal = new CountDownLatch( 3 );
- long start;
- long stop;
- for (Node node : MockNodeValidator.ENTRIES) {
- entries.add(node.getWsdl());
- }
- start = System.currentTimeMillis();
- validationService.validate(entries);
- threadPoolService.execute(new ValidationStarter(entries, validationService, signal));
- threadPoolService.execute(new ValidationStarter(entries, validationService, signal));
- threadPoolService.execute(new ValidationStarter(entries, validationService, signal));
- try {
- signal.await();
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- stop = System.currentTimeMillis();
- threadPoolService.destoryExecutorService(1000 );
- System.out.println("实际执行验证次数: " + MockNodeValidator.getCount());
- System.out.println("实际执行时间: " + (stop - start) + "ms" );
- }
- @Override
- public void run() {
- validationService.validate(entries);
- signal.countDown();
- }
- }
package service.mock;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import service.Node;
import service.ThreadPoolService;
import service.ValidationService;
/**
* 模拟执行这个环境的验证
*
* @author DigitalSonic
*/
public class ValidationStarter implements Runnable {
private List<String> entries;
private ValidationService validationService;
private CountDownLatch signal;
public ValidationStarter(List<String> entries, ValidationService validationService,
CountDownLatch signal) {
this.entries = entries;
this.validationService = validationService;
this.signal = signal;
}
/**
* 线程池大小为10,初始化执行一次,随后并发三个验证
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThreadPoolService threadPoolService = new ThreadPoolService(10);
ValidationService validationService = new ValidationService(threadPoolService);
List<String> entries = new ArrayList<String>();
CountDownLatch signal = new CountDownLatch(3);
long start;
long stop;
for (Node node : MockNodeValidator.ENTRIES) {
entries.add(node.getWsdl());
}
start = System.currentTimeMillis();
validationService.validate(entries);
threadPoolService.execute(new ValidationStarter(entries, validationService, signal));
threadPoolService.execute(new ValidationStarter(entries, validationService, signal));
threadPoolService.execute(new ValidationStarter(entries, validationService, signal));
try {
signal.await();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
stop = System.currentTimeMillis();
threadPoolService.destoryExecutorService(1000);
System.out.println("实际执行验证次数: " + MockNodeValidator.getCount());
System.out.println("实际执行时间: " + (stop - start) + "ms");
}
@Override
public void run() {
validationService.validate(entries);
signal.countDown();
}
}
=================================我是分割线==============================
本文没有覆盖java.util.concurrent中的所有内容,只是挑选一些比较常用的东西,想要获得更多详细信息请阅读JavaDoc。自 打有了“轮子”理论,重复造大轮子的情况的确少了,但还是有人会做些小轮子,例如编写多线程程序时用到的小工具(线程池、锁等等),如果可以,请让自己再 “懒惰”一点吧~