Java设计模式（4）-- 七大原则之【里氏替换原则】

4）里氏替换原则（Liskov Substitution Principle）

定义：“in a computer program, if S is a subtype of T, then objects of type T may be replaced with objects of type S (i.e., objects of type S may substitute objects of type T) without altering any of the desirable properties of that program (correctness, task performed, etc.)”（父类可以被子类替换，并且不会对原程序产生任何影响）

比如有个基类为交通设备类

class TrasportationDevice
{
   String name;
   String getName() { ... }
   void setName(String n) { ... }
   double speed;
   double getSpeed() { ... }
   void setSpeed(double d) { ... }
   
   Engine engine;
   Engine getEngine() { ... }
   void setEngine(Engine e) { ... }
   void startEngine() { ... }
}

 汽车类

class Car extends TransportationDevice
{
   @Override
   void startEngine() { ... }
}

 单车类

class Bicycle extends TransportationDevice
{
   @Override
   void startEngine() {
     throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
}

因为单车没有引擎，导致若是用Bicycle 替换TrasportationDevice，将使得startEngine方法不可用，这就违反了里氏替换原则。

解决违反里氏替换原则问题的最好办法是设计更好的继承结构。比如上述问题，交通设备应该分为机动车和非机动车（有引擎和无引擎）。

class TrasportationDevice
{
   String name;
   String getName() { ... }
   void setName(String n) { ... }
   double speed;
   double getSpeed() { ... }
   void setSpeed(double d) { ... }
}

 无引擎

class DevicesWithoutEngines extends TransportationDevice
{  
   void startMoving() { ... }
}

 有引擎

class DevicesWithEngines extends TransportationDevice
{  
   Engine engine;
   Engine getEngine() { ... }
   void setEngine(Engine e) { ... }
   void startEngine() { ... }
}

汽车类

class Car extends DevicesWithEngines
{
   @Override
   void startEngine() { ... }
}

 单车类

class Bicycle extends DevicesWithoutEngines
{
   @Override
   void startMoving() { ... }
}