Java设计模式（5）-- 七大原则之【开放封闭原则】

5）开放封闭原则（Open-Closed Principle）

定义： “software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification “（代码应该支持在相同业务类型上的拓展，并且不会因为依赖业务的修改而修改。）

比如一种在批准医疗保险索赔之前，要先对其进行验证的保险系统。一个HealthInsuranceSurveyor类负责验证索赔和ClaimApprovalManager类，负责批准索赔。

HealthInsuranceSurveyor

public class HealthInsuranceSurveyor{
    public boolean isValidClaim(){
        System.out.println("HealthInsuranceSurveyor: Validating health insurance claim...");
        /*Logic to validate health insurance claims*/
        return true;
    }
}

ClaimApprovalManager

public class ClaimApprovalManager {
    public void processHealthClaim (HealthInsuranceSurveyor surveyor)
    {
        if(surveyor.isValidClaim()){
            System.out.println("ClaimApprovalManager: Valid claim. Currently processing claim for approval....");
        }
    }
}

 这样的设计看起来不会有什么问题，但这时业务增加对车辆保险的索赔。于是需要增加一个类VehicleInsuranceSurveyor，并且索赔类的代码要更改为

public class ClaimApprovalManager {
    public void processHealthClaim (HealthInsuranceSurveyor surveyor)
    {
        if(surveyor.isValidClaim()){
            System.out.println("ClaimApprovalManager: Valid claim. Currently processing claim for approval....");
        }
    }
    public void processVehicleClaim (VehicleInsuranceSurveyor surveyor)
    {
        if(surveyor.isValidClaim()){
            System.out.println("ClaimApprovalManager: Valid claim. Currently processing claim for approval....");
        }
    }
}

在上面的例子中，ClaimApprovalManager通过新增一个方法processVehicleClaim ()，来适应新的业务要求。这就违反了开放封闭原则，因为我们需要修改该类以支持类似业务的新功能。

考虑一下以下的设计思想

1、保持ClaimApprovalManager类的开放，来支持更多类型的保险索赔

2、每当添加新的索赔类型时，ClaimApprovalManager类不会修改到自身的代码（也就是代码关闭）

为此，我们可以这样设计

保险调查员判断是否可以索赔，InsuranceSurveyor.java

public abstract class InsuranceSurveyor {
    public abstract boolean isValidClaim();
}

健康保险调查员继承InsuranceSurveyor，并重写isValidClaim方法，HealthInsuranceSurveyor.java

public class HealthInsuranceSurveyor extends InsuranceSurveyor{
@Override
    public boolean isValidClaim(){
        System.out.println("HealthInsuranceSurveyor: Validating health insurance claim...");
        /*Logic to validate health insurance claims*/
        return true;
    }
}

 运输保险员也类似

public class VehicleInsuranceSurveyor extends InsuranceSurveyor{
@Override
    public boolean isValidClaim(){
       System.out.println("VehicleInsuranceSurveyor: Validating vehicle insurance claim...");
        /*Logic to validate vehicle insurance claims*/
        return true;
    }
}

 索赔Manager

public class ClaimApprovalManager {
    public void processClaim(InsuranceSurveyor surveyor){
        if(surveyor.isValidClaim()){
            System.out.println("ClaimApprovalManager: Valid claim. Currently processing claim for approval....");
        }
    }
}

 这样，我们就能做到ClaimApprovalManager遵守了开放封闭原则，我们的保险制度是现在开放，支持更多类型的保险索赔和每当添加新的保险类型时，ClaimApprovalManager不需要任何的修改。