DDL 数据定义语言:
create table 创建表
alter table 修改表
drop table 删除表
truncate table 删除表中所有行
create index 创建索引
drop index 删除索引
当执行DDL语句时,oracle将提交之前未提交的事务。例如用户使用insert命令将记录插入到数据库后,执行了一条DDL语句(如create table),此时来自insert命令的数据将被提交到数据库。当DDL语句执行完成时,DDL语句会被自动提交,不能回滚。
DML 数据操作语言:
insert 将记录插入到数据库
update 修改数据库的记录
delete 删除数据库的记录
当执行DML命令如果没有提交,将不会被其他会话看到。在DML命令之后执行了DDL命令或用户正常退出会话,此时系统会自动发出commit命令,使未提交的DML命令提交。
DDL :
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples:
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed
COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
RENAME - rename an object
DML:
Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema objects. Some examples:
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
INSERT - insert data into a table
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
LOCK TABLE - control concurrency
DCL:
Data Control Language (DCL) statements. Some examples:
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command
TCL:
Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
COMMIT - save work done
SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use