线程池的创建

创建线程池的构造方法

ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit, BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue, RejectedExecutionHandler handler) 
// 用给定的初始参数和默认的线程工厂创建新的 ThreadPoolExecutor。

corePoolSize：线程池维护线程的最少数量 （core : 核心）
maximumPoolSize：线程池维护线程的最大数量 
keepAliveTime：线程池维护线程所允许的空闲时间
unit：线程池维护线程所允许的空闲时间的单位
workQueue：线程池所使用的缓冲队列
handler：线程池对拒绝任务的处理策略

当一个任务通过execute(Runnable)方法欲添加到线程池时：
如果线程池中运行的线程 小于corePoolSize ，即使线程池中的线程都处于空闲状态，也要 创建新的线程 来处理被添加的任务。

如果线程池中运行的线程大于等于corePoolSize，但是缓冲队列 workQueue未满 ，那么任务被放入缓冲队列 。

如果此时线程池中的数量大于corePoolSize，缓冲队列workQueue满(即无法将请求加入队列 )，并且线程池中的数量小于maximumPoolSize，建新的线程 来处理被添加的任务。

如果此时线程池中的数量大于corePoolSize，缓冲队列workQueue满，并且线程池中的数量等于maximumPoolSize ，那么通过 handler 所指定的策略来处理此任务。
当线程池中的线程数量大于 corePoolSize时，如果某线程空闲时间超过keepAliveTime，线程将被终止 。这样，线程池可以动态的调整池中的线程数。

处理任务的优先级为：
corePoolSize、任务队列workQueue、最大线程maximumPoolSize，如果三者都满了，使用handler处理被拒绝的任务。

Executors 工厂方法: 

ThreadPoolExecutor是Executors类的底层实现

1、newSingleThreadExecutor：  //单个后台线程  (注意其缓冲队列是无界的)  
创建一个单线程的线程池。这个线程池只有一个线程在工作，也就是相当于单线程串行执行所有任务。如果这个唯一的线程因为异常结束，那么会有一个新的线程来替代它。此线程池保证所有任务的执行顺序按照任务的提交顺序执行。 

    /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * <tt>newFixedThreadPool(1)</tt> the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
    }

2、newFixedThreadPool：//固定大小线程池    (其缓冲队列是无界的)  
创建固定大小的线程池。每次提交一个任务就创建一个线程，直到线程达到线程池的最大大小。线程池的大小一旦达到最大值就会保持不变，如果某个线程因为执行异常而结束，那么线程池会补充一个新线程。 

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
     * <tt>nThreads</tt> threads will be active processing tasks.
     * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
     * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
     * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
     * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
     * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
     * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

3、newCachedThreadPool：//无界线程池，可以进行自动线程回收  
创建一个可缓存的线程池。如果线程池的大小超过了处理任务所需要的线程，那么就会回收部分空闲（60秒不执行任务）的线程，当任务数增加时，此线程池又可以智能的添加新线程来处理任务。此线程池不会对线程池大小做限制，线程池大小完全依赖于操作系统（或者说JVM）能够创建的最大线程大小。  

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
     * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
     * Calls to <tt>execute</tt> will reuse previously constructed
     * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
     * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
     * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
     * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
     * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
     * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
     * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
     *
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }

4、newScheduledThreadPool：  //创建一个大小无限的线程池。此线程池支持定时以及周期性执行任务的需求。  

    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    }